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Review Statistic Please Answer The Question Example

Review Statistic Please Answer The Question Example Review Statistic Please Answer The Question – Assignment Example Review statistics: Response to questions Significance of having at least interval level data Interval level of data is desirable because of its equidistance property that facilitates analysis. It is particularly important in inferential analysis in which difference between data values is the center of focus (Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). Reasons for preference of the mean as a measure for central tendencyOne of the reasons for which the mean is preferred as a measure of central tendency is its incorporation of all data to be represented that meets the need of a central measure. This is contrary to other measures of central tendency that do not consider magnitudes of every data in a data set. The mean is also preferred because of its close relation to measures of dispersion such as standard deviation (Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). Reasons for instability of the range as a measure of variabilityThe range is an unstable measure of variability because it only considers the minimum and th e maximum values. This defines its suitability to measuring variability of the extremes but not the other values in between (Wood and Haber, 2013; Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). Intended descriptions of measures of variabilityMeasures of dispersion are intended for describing variation in a data set, describing reliability of the mean, and describing difference in trend between two or more data sets through exploration of variability in distribution of data (Wood and Haber, 2013; Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). Factors to consider when determining level of significance in hypothesis testingImportant factors to consider when determining level of significance is the standard error, sample size, variance, and the nature of the test, whether it is a one tailed test or a two tailed test, because the factors have direct effects on significance of a test (Wood and Haber, 2013; Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). ReferenceGravetter, F. and Wallnau, L. (2011). Essentials of statistics for the behavio ural science. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Wood, G. and Haber, J. (2013). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal of evidence-based practice. Boston, MA: Elsevier Science Health Science Division.

You Are What You Eat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Are What You Eat - Essay Example Also I exercise a lot which I consider a great way to keep myself in shape. With so many activities, it is important to have a balanced and a varied diet. I do not have any health conditions nor is anyone in my family suffering from a disease that has genetic origins therefore I do not have pre-disposition to acquire a genetic disease. The top ingredients in my diet are carbohydrates, proteins, fats. Protein is a natural ingredient which is present in all the living organisms. It is one of the most important building blocks of life. Proteins play an extremely important role in making up human body and they are present in almost every part of it, from blood to hair, a large number of organs comprise of protein. Therefore an important portion of the diet should be dedicated to the intake of proteins so that the repair and growth mechanisms continue to operate in the best possible way. Our body needs a certain amount of protein daily so that it can carry out the vital processes of life. It is needed to repair tissues, form broken cells and also in blood where it is necessary for efficient transfer of oxygen to all the organs of the body. Deficiency of protein can lead to a lot of serious diseases. I take a lot of fish, beans and poultry items in my diet which are rich in different types of proteins (Boylan, Spallhoiz, & Driskell, 2008). These are all natural sources so are free from any possible side effects.

The Democratic role of political parties in Canada, Mexico, U.S.A- Do Essay

The Democratic role of political parties in Canada, Mexico, U.S.A- Do political parties in these countries assist in the working of democracy in terms of accoun - Essay Example Political parties will have, generally speaking, carried out research on issues that are of importance to the electorate and try to seek the activation and reinforcement of voters underlying predispositions (Anderson, 1). Most citizens in a country are likely to agree that the reason for the existence of political parties is to provide coherent political options from which citizens can select what is best for them (Fox, 5 - 7). This means that in a democracy, political parties should be able to provide a platform for all those who have a common vision with a structure and a process that will make it possible for them to achieve the desired vision with the permission of a majority of electorate. The will of the electorate is tested in an election and those who have presented a vision that has an appeal to the majority are handed over the right to govern through their nominated candidates. Thus, brokerage, policy formulation and the election as well as support of the right candidates t o public office is also an important expectation from a political party. However, it becomes necessary for political parties to establish a balance between the various roles that they are expected to play, because of resource constraints and priorities, as well as determining what may be more important. This brief essay attempts to investigate the democratic role of political parties in three countries, namely Canada, Mexico and the United States of America in order to try and learn from the democratic experiences from these three countries. Three political parties, namely the Bloc Quà ©bà ©cois in Canada, Republican Political Party in the United States of America and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or the PRI in Mexico were selected for examination and the next section presents a discussion of how the previously mentioned political parties have contributed to the

Trade unionism in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trade unionism in the UK - Essay Example They organise a particular section of skilled or unskilled workers and with them as members of the Union, the office bearers become the legal representatives of such workers and union by attaining the power of representing them in all matters of employment and thus, in most of the countries they attain the status of an important legal entity. They negotiate collectively on behalf of their members over pay, working hours, wages, terms and conditions, cleanliness, perks, benefits, pensions, etc. If bargaining fails, Unions can undertake industrial action and strike and can cause immense harm to a well-running business and in major cases, to the economy of the entire country. Since the late 1970s there had been a rapid decline in unionisation in UK. This failure had been attributed to the inability of unions to organise new establishments in the same lines as they did twenty years ago, though it is not as simple as that. "The sharpest falls in unionization occurred in private manufacturing establishments set up post-1980, with significant falls also occurring, but from a lower initial level, in private sector services" http://158.143.49.27/machin/pdf/bjir2000.pdf There had been overwhelming arguments that the age of establishments has a lot to do with the decline of unions. Younger organisations pitted against the older ones, have shown totally different trends of conducting business, recruiting people, retaining them, or even retrenching them, to which unions are not fast enough to adjust themselves. "Finally, there is some evidence that age of workplace, rather than age of worker, is the critical age based factor as the negative association with unionization is found for all age groups in workplaces set up post-1980" ibid. Unions of yore had different sets of principles and ways of working. They were mainly centralised with highly centred authority wielded by the Union Leaders, who could sway the entire massive group of workers by a word or deed. In recent years, this trend has received a set back, with more and more vociferous demands by workers for a democratic set up. "Since the 1960s a democratic ethos has developed within the trade union movement Whilstleaderships may be formally in control, their power is constrained and checked on a number of issues (Hodgson 1981: 135)", in Webb (1992, p.83). Lately, there had been extensive arguments about the possible reasons for decline of Trade Unions in Britain. As a matter of fact, it is a universal trend, which came before the globalisation started and Britain had only been part of it. Her participation in the decline could not be stemmed and we have to agree that the influence and strength of trade unions have definitely suffered a major set back, with managements having an upper hand in every situation. "In the economic arena, unions face more confident managements, implementing politics of restructuring often without explicit reference to Unions. No longer are trade union leaderships party to the formulation of policy and programmes which take into account the specific concerns and interests of their memberships," Fairbrother (2000, p.10). The trend started with a steady decline in trade union membership. In last three decades and to put it mildly, it had been

Determining Cognitive Functioning of Individual

Determining Cognitive Functioning of Individual Serial assessment in neuropsychology is necessary to make inferences regarding an individual’s level of functioning, i.e. to determine whether there has been ‘real’ improvement or decline, outside of measurement error, normal variation and clinically insignificant change [1]. A number of psychometric methods have been developed in order to interpret changes in test scores over repeated occasions of assessment. The associated problems and processes that are involved in delineating observed scores into their subcomponents of measurement error and true scores are complex and problematic [1]. Acquiring knowledge and understanding of issues pertaining to measurement error, such as the standard error of measurement (SEM,) is crucial to accurate interpretation of neuropsychological test results and change scores. The SEM refers to the total error variance of a set of obtained scores, where the obtained scores are an unbiased estimate of an individual’s true score [2]. It is the standard deviation (SD) of an individual’s test scores had the specified test been undertaken multiple times, and is calculated by multiplying the baseline SD of a measure by the square root of one minus the reliability coefficient of the measure [3]. The SEM is inversely related to a test’s reliability, such that larger SEMs reflect less reliable tests, and therefore denote diminished accuracy with the measure taken and the scores obtained [1]. This leads to greater variability within a test battery and thus any interpretation of results in such a case should be undertaken with a considerable degree of caution [4]. SEMs are useful in preventing the unwarranted attachment of significant meaning to between-score differences. That is, SEMs and their corresponding confidence intervals may overlap, indicating that some of the observed score difference may actually be attributable to error in measurement [1]. However, whilst the SEM is useful for estimating the degree of measurement error, it is not a suitable predictive measure as it is based on a distribution that presumes true score knowledge, which will always be unknown as tests do not have perfect reliability. As such, utilising the standard error of estimate (SEE) for such purposes may be the more appropriate method [2]. The SEE is a method which utilises a regression-based approach and measures the dispersion of predicted scores [5]. The SEE reflects the SD of true scores when the observed score is held constant, and is the statistic from which confidence intervals should be constructed [2]. The construction of confidence intervals is closely related to a test’s reliability. More reliable tests, in terms of internal consistency, represent homogeneity within the test itself. Thus, the associated confidence intervals will encompass a more narrow range of scores, with the resulting estimate being more precise [2]. It is therefore necessary to consider a test’s reliability coefficient, as below a certain point, the utility of a test is compromised [2]. Furthermore, as the reliability of a test is the single largest factor in determining the degree of change needed to occur over time from which the observed difference can be deemed to reflect actual change, using tests with high reliability coefficients is of paramount importance [6]. The consideration of measurement error in neuropsychological test results may also incorporate the assessment of observed score differences in terms of clinical significance. Clinically significant change can be interpreted on the basis of whether an individual’s change in test performance over two occasions reflects sufficient improvement, so that the individual has shifted classification categories, for example from ‘impaired’ to ‘normal’ [6]. Therefore, if a change is to be considered clinically significant, the tests being used to assess observed score differences need to be reliable. However, interpreting clinically significant change may also be problematic. Whilst there may be a considerable observed change in test scores from one measurement occasion to the next, if the starting point is at the extreme low end of a category, and the end point is at the extreme high end of a category, then an individual’s classification will not change and clinically significant improvement will not be deemed to have occurred [6]. This is a problematic interpretation as these changes may well have had important functional consequences for the individual that underwent assessment, and thus it is important to employ sensible clinical judgement [6]. Caution also needs to be applied to the interpretation of statistically reliable change, to avoid the implication that it represents real change. In reality, the observed change may instead reflect measurement error [6]. Statistically meaningful differences may also be a common occurrence within a particular population [7], but these are not necessarily clinically significant differences. Whilst neuropsychological test interpretation must consider, amongst other things, base rates of expected differences and abnormalities, the number of measures in a battery must also be taken into account, as abnormal performance on a proportion of subtests within a battery should be regarded as psychometrically normal [4]. A number of methods for calculation of reliable change have been proposed, adopted and further modified. These methods are usually given the designation of Reliable Change Index (RCI), and are used to estimate the effect of error variance on test score accuracy [6]. The value of the RCI is used to indicate the probability of the difference between two observed scores being the result of measurement error, and thus if the resulting probability is low, the difference is likely due to factors external to the test itself [1]. The notion of reliable change originated in classical test theory, with the standard error of the difference used as the criterion for determining whether an observed difference is credible under the null hypothesis of no real change [8]. However, the original, unmodified classical approach assumes that there are no practice effects. Certain subsequent variations of this approach have aimed to account for practice effects, in one of two ways. Either by a simple adaptation of the Jacobson and Truax approach (a widely used, simplified version of the classical approach, called the JT index), or via estimation of true change by using a regression equation, with the latter method being the favoured alternative in this context [8]. This regression-based approach does not require the test scores at each of the time points to have equal variance, and thus practice effects can occur [6]. There are many further approaches to calculation of RCIs, with no real consensus about which method is superior and should represent the ‘gold standard’ approach [8]. Furthermore, whilst RCI methods do have a number of advantageous features, there are still inherent limitations when considering factors such as real change that remains undetected if it falls below the RCI threshold [6]. Additionally, whilst reliable change methodology adjusted for practice effects has the potential to reduce measurement error and improve clinical judgement, it utilises a constant value the group mean – and so does not take into account the full range of possible practise effects, nor does it traditionally account for regression to the mean, so that error estimates are not proportional to the extremities of observed changes [1]. However, this methodology does at least provide a systematic and potentially empirically valid approach to assessment of real change [6]. In contrast, whil st regression methods do also have their own inherent limitations, such as greater utility in larger sample sizes, these are considered less extensive than RCI methodology [1]. The methods discussed thus far are primarily distribution-based approaches, meaning that they express observed change in a standardised format. A primary disadvantage of this type of approach is that they are purely statistical measurements which do not reveal the clinical significance of any observed change [9]. Alternative approaches include the use of reference states to estimate the minimal important difference or change, which refers to the smallest change in health quality that the patient is able to perceive and that is considered clinically relevant change [3]. However, these approaches have their own inherent limitations, with direct and subjective patient involvement in the change assessment process increasing the complexity of the measurement [3]. As the determination of an individual’s current cognitive functioning, as well as whether this functioning has improved or declined since prior assessment, is fundamental to the efficacy of clinical neuropsychology, the ability to reliably determine change via comparison of test scores is crucial [6]. However, as has been outlined above, the approaches involved in this determination are varied in their efficacy, and come with inherent limitations. As such, when considering the clinical significance of test results, a patient’s performance needs to be interpreted contextually, taking into account relevant behavioural, medical and historical information, as psychometric variability alone is not sufficient [4]. Furthermore, examination of the functional outcomes of any measured change is crucial, as this is of at least equivalent importance in determining whether improvement or decline has taken place [6]. References 1. Brooks, B.L., et al., Developments in neuropsychological assessment: Refining psychometric and clinical interpretive methods. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 2009. 50(3): p. 196. 2. Charter, R.A., Revisiting the standard errors of measurement, estimate, and prediction and their application to test scores. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1996. 82(3c): p. 1139-1144. 3. Rejas, J., A. Pardo, and M.à . Ruiz, Standard error of measurement as a valid alternative to minimally important difference for evaluating the magnitude of changes in patient-reported outcomes measures. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 2008. 61(4): p. 350-356. 4. Binder, L.M., G.L. Iverson, and B.L. Brooks, To err is human:â€Å"Abnormal† neuropsychological scores and variability are common in healthy adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2009. 24(1): p. 31-46. 5. McHugh, M.L., Standard error: meaning and interpretation. Biochemia Medica, 2008. 18(1): p. 7-13. 6. Perdices, M., How do you know whether your patient is getting better (or worse)? A users guide. Brain Impairment, 2005. 6(03): p. 219-226. 7. Crawford, J.R., P.H. Garthwaite, and C.B. Gault, Estimating the percentage of the population with abnormally low scores (or abnormally large score differences) on standardized neuropsychological test batteries: a generic method with applications. Neuropsychology, 2007. 21(4): p. 419. 8. Maassen, G.H., E. Bossema, and N. Brand, Reliable change and practice effects: Outcomes of various indices compared. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2009. 31(3): p. 339-352. 9. Ostelo, R.W., et al., Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine, 2008. 33(1): p. 90-94.

Henry :: essays research papers

Henry Ford was the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the driving force behind the firm and its products, who made an extraordinary impact on the American industry. Henry made many accomplishments, which include the Quadricycle and the Model-T car. As a young kid Henry was really into the mechanical industry, which helped him in life to develop all of the cars that he created during his years at the head of Ford and as he worked in his younger days at a Detroit factory. (2:23) Also when Henry was married to Clara Bryant in 1888, he ran a sawmill, which helped him make some money to get his family started. (6:1) The Model-T car was very cheap and this made it available for every man or woman who wanted to get a car. This vehicle initiated a new era in personal transportation. The Model-T was easy to operate, maintain, and handle on almost any road conditions, which immediately made it a huge success. Henry Ford was a huge success in the boom of the economy in the early 1900â€⠄¢s. (4:2) Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 and he was the first of William and Mary Ford’s six children. (2:3) He was born on a farm near what is now called Dearborn, Michigan. As a young boy Henry Ford enjoyed a normal young life of the rural nineteenth century. (3:4) He spent most of his youthful days in a very small school and doing chores on his family’s small farm. When Henry was in the early stages of childhood, he showed a lot of interest in mechanical things because he did not like doing farm work. (5:8) In 1879, when Henry Ford was sixteen years old, he left home to the city of Detroit to go to work as a mechanic’s helper. Even though he left home for Detroit, since the cities were close together, he often came home to help out on the farm. Henry worked as a mechanics apprentice for three years then he returned back home to Dearborn. (2:25) The next couple years of his life Henry was dedicated to dividing his time between using many different types of machines , otherwise he spent his time fixing up steam engines and he occasionally worked in a Detroit factory. (5:2) Henry also spent a lot of his time helping on his dad’s farm apparatuses, in addition to doing other hands on farm work.

South Korean Economy Analyzed

South Korea in recent decades has been one of the most dynamic economies in the world. Over the period from 1965 to 1990, the rate of growth of per capita GNP was greater than that of any other country in the world (Watkins 1999). Major Korean enterprises such as Lucky Goldstar and Samsung are now common household brand names all over the world. As well, Hyundai and Daewoo, the two leading South Korean auto manufacturers, both offer products that are able to compete on the worldwide market along with other major car producers. In analyzing the South Korean economy, it is important to look at the various factors behind this remarkable success story. The boom and rapid expansion of the Korean economy is due largely in part to the radical changes and new policies introduced under the Park Chung Hee government of 1961-1979. Significant new economic policies included reinforcing the system of chaebol, creating a policy of import substitution with an export-led approach, fostering the development of industries designed to compete effectively in the world's industrial export markets, nationalizing the banks, as well as working on to educe Korea's large external debt. It is these policies, introduced throughout the 1960's and 70's, which caused a future boom in South Korea's economy and continue to influence it at the present day. One extremely important aspect of the South Korean economy is the concept of chaebol. Fathered by Park Chung Hee in the early 1960's, chaebol are conglomerates of many companies clustered around one holding company. The parent company is usually controlled by one family. It started off as a few specially selected large firms encouraged to tailor their growth and production targets to meet South Korean government objectives and were dependant on state-owned banks for the credit they needed to operate and grow. Government-chaebol cooperation was essential to the subsequent economic growth and astounding successes that began in the mid-1960's. The chaebol were able to grow because of two factors – foreign loans and special favors (Song 1997). Access to foreign technology also was critical to its growth throughout the 1970's and 80's. Under the guise of â€Å"guided capitalism†, the government selected companies to undertake projects and channeled funds from foreign loans. The government guaranteed repayment should a company be unable to repay its foreign creditors. Additional loans were made available from domestic banks. In the late 1980's, the chaebol dominated the industrial sector and were especially prevalent in maufacturing, trading, and heavy industries. Today, the chaebol remains the backbone of South Korea's economy. Examples of chaebol include Samsung, Daewoo, and Goldstar. To give an idea to how successful and powerful this economic concept evolved into, in 1983, the country's three largest corporations, all under the chaebol system, accounted for over a third of South Korea's entire Gross National Product (Ibid, p63). The 1960's saw the reduction of U. S. aid to South Korea, aid which had largely kept the country afloat for the past decade following the Korean War. This made feasible the import substitution strategy the Park Chung Hee government had established. Combining a policy of import substitution with an export-led approach, government policy planners selected a group of strategic industries to back, including electronics, shipbuilding, and automobiles. New industries were nurtured by making the importation of such goods difficult. When the new industry was on its feet, the government worked to create good conditions for its export. Incentives for exports included a reduction of corporate and private income taxes for exporters, tariff exemptions for raw materials imported for export production, business tax exemptions, and accelerated depreciation allowances (Kim 1997). This strategy was largely responsible for establishing Korea's strong export-led industries that exist today. Favorable conditions mean that there will always be a demand for their product, both domestically and overseas. In the latter part of Park's reign as president, he fostered the development of industries designed to compete effectively in the world's industrial export markets. These major strategic industries consisted of technology-intensive and skilled labor-intensive industries such as machinery, electronics, and shipbuilding. The plan stressed large heavy and chemical industries, such as iron and steel, petrochemicals, and nonferrous metal. As a result, heavy and chemical industries grew by an impressive 51. 8 percent in 1981 (Amsden 1992); their exports increased to 45. 3 percent of total output (Ibid, p103). These developments can be ascribed to a favorable turn in the export performance of iron, steel, and shipbuilding, which occurred because high-quality, low-cost products could be produced in South Korea. By contrast, the heavy and chemical industries of advanced countries slumped during the late 1970's. This strategy helped to establish South Korea's economic role as a major worldwide industrial exporter, even in a time of turmoil created by the OPEC debacle. It was a plan that was carried right through the 1980's and well into the 90's by successive governments, who recognized its formula for success. When Park took control in 1961, one of his first orders of business was to extend government control over business by nationalizing the banks. As well, he merged the agricultural cooperative movement with the agricultural bank. The government's direct control over all institutional credit further extended Park's command over the business community. The Economic Planning Board was created in 1961 and became the nerve center of Park's plan to promote economic development (Kearny 1991). The Board exists to this day; it is charged primarily with economic planning, as well as coordinating the economic functions of other government ministries. The Bank of Korea continues to exist as a government-controlled financial institution, operated by the Ministry of Finance. In 1975 South Korea was the fourth largest debtor among developing countries with external debt totaling nearly $47 billion U. S. (52 percent of GNP) (Kim 1997). The Park government used its substantial current account surpluses between 1976 and 1979 to reduce and even repay its foreign debt. South Korean banking institutions were banned from obtaining long-term bank loans until the end of the year. The government also reduced the availability of foreign currency loans. This strategy worked, and as a result, South Korea's gross foreign debt dropped to $29. billion U. S. in 1979 (Ibid, p. 74). The dramatic reduction of the debt by the Park government established a solid groundwork for economic growth and expansion by successive governments in the 1980's and 90's. Today, South Korea has in place solid debt management policies and has graduated from its status as a World Bank loan recipient. In analyzing the South Korean economy, it is not hard to see why it has developed into the world's 11th largest economic system (Song 1997). The truth is in the numbers. During the 1970's, some estimates indicate, Seoul had the world's most productive economy. The annual industrial production growth rate was about 25 percent (Ibid, p131); there was a fivefold increase in the GNP from 1965 to 1978 (Ibid, p131). In the mid-1970's, exports increased by an average of 45 percent a year (Ibid, p132). Today, it is a major exporter of electronics, heavy machinery, and automobiles. The remarkable success of this dynamic economy can be attributed to the radical new economic policies and changes brought about by the Park Chung Hee government of 1961-1979. Significant new economic strategies included developing the system of chaebol, creating the import-substitution policy, fostering the development of industries designed to compete in the world's industrial export markets, nationalizing financial institutions, as well as working on to reduce South Korea's large external debt. Successive governments continued to implement these policies and many are still in place today. South Korea is definitely an economic powerhouse to be reckoned with, and the world may still have yet to feel the wrath of this Asian Tiger.

Anniston and PCBs essays

Anniston and PCB's essays In Anniston, Alabama two small neighborhoods known as Sweet Valley and Cobb Town have become ghost towns after years of contamination of PCB by the local Monsanto plant. PCB, short for polychlorinated biphenyls, are tox-ins that are known to cause cancer in humans. In 1966, the Monsanto company hired a private scientist to undergo tests in the local waterways of Anniston. Af-ter releasing bluegill into the water, fish violently reacted to the toxins as blood gushed from their gills. Monsanto terminated their use of PCB toxins five years later. They did not report their findings nor potential health hazards of the toxins that their own experts had proved. In 1979, the toxin PCB was banned by the United States government. Many young and old people hard working people of this community have lost their homes, life and dreams. These small towns, that were known as working class neighborhoods now look like ghost towns with Danger signs and fences to confirm it. In 1971, a young man died due to complications from a brain tu-mor, lung cancer and hardening of the arteries. I can not conceive that this was thought of as a natural death. Most folks in Anniston, Alabama didn't give a second thought to why the water often ran red or purple. Their children played in this creek and the waterways it fed. They ate fish from them. Their livestock drank from them. Like the residents of many small towns who are dependent on a single local industry, the people of Anniston were not eager to bite the hand that fed them. With much courage 3,500 members of the infected community have won their fight in court. Monsanto was found liable for the negligence of their acts. The company may very well be paying tens of millions of dollars to their victims, but it is only fair considering the fact that the company grossed over eight million in profit during the use of the PCB. I could not imagine being a prisone...

Romanticism in Les Miserables essays

Romanticism in Les Miserables essays Many French novels written during the romantic era deal greatly with French history. The term couleur locale (meaning local color) refers to using distinctive details to describe plots, characters, and accurate historical objects, customs, or situations. In Hugos novel, Les Miserables, one such character described in detail throughout the novel, and who also adds much depth and detail to the plot is Thenardier. Much of the happenings involving this character seem to be a result of coincidence. At first, it does not seem like much of a coincidence that Fantine leaves her young daughter Cosette in the care of Thenardier and his family. Yet this simple action sets up the whole novel for coincidental meeting, especially between Thenardier and Jean Valjean from the very first time they encounter each other: when Valjean goes to rescue Cosette, fulfilling Fantines dying wish. Later in the novel, the two meet again. In this situation, Valjeans intention is to help poor Thenardier who has assumed the identity of Jondrette so Valjean does not know whom in reality he is aiding. And here, a dramatic revelation of true identity takes place; yet another characteristic of romanticism. But it does not end here. In the sewer, as Valjean searches for a way to rescue Marius, he again runs in to Thenardier. Yet this time, Valjean is not recognized until later. In these situations, Thenardiers ability to be at the right place at the right time add suspense to the novel, as Hugo uses dramatic irony, allowing the reader to know the true identity of all the characters while concealing this information from the other characters until just the right moment. The coincidence, however, that most changes the course of events allowing for a happy ending comes right at the end of the novel. A coincidental meeting between Thenardier and Marius tied up the loose ends of the novel, dramatically revealing to Marius the good, cha...

African history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

African history - Essay Example Ethiopian Christianity endured but did not expand missionary vision elsewhere in Africa or beyond. The 7th century saw retreatment of Christianity under the advance of Islam. However, it remained the chosen religion in Ethiopia and most of the North Africa regions (Olupona 95). Furthermore, the arrival of Portuguese in 15th introduced Christianity in the Sub-Saharan Africa. In 1652, the Dutch founded the beginnings of the Dutch Reform Church in the South of the Africa. In the rest of Africa, Christianity did not spread much in the 18th century. Rulers in the West Africa mildly received Christianity, seeing it as something to supplement their religions. Later, these rulers grew hostile when told they had to make a choice to take Christianity or traditional religion. South Africa had greater Christian Missionary activity. In 1737, the Moravian Brethren of Eastern Europe a mission and in 1799, the London Missionary Society followed their traditional religions until the 19th Century. At this time, Christian missionaries in Africa were driven by antislavery crusade and the Europeans interest of colonizing Africa. In areas where people had already converted to Islam, Christianity had little success. Missionaries who came in 19th century, hoping to convert the lo cal people, found the natives practicing their own Africanized Christianity (Olupona 100). The difference between the eastern (Swahili) and the western coasts of Africa as noted by early Portuguese explorers was very clear. This is because, in terms of city and empire configurations, the East Coast was subdivided up into three sections, that is, Barbar which was the horn of Africa’s Cushitic-speaking inhabitants, Zandj; which is found between the Lamu archipelago and the coastal point opposite Zanzibar and Sofala found between south of Zanzibar and southern Mozambique. Most of these coastal settlements appointed chiefs, either Arabs or Persians. The inter-mixing and

Will Children's Centre Managers effectively respond to budget cuts Dissertation

Will Children's Centre Managers effectively respond to budget cuts without compromising the children centres ethos and vision - Dissertation Example However, the recent budget cuts have had a key impact upon the services provided by these Centres. The dissertation deals with the managers’ response to the budget cuts taking into account the ethos and vision of the centres. The paper has been divided into various sections so that it becomes easier to achieve the aims of the research. At the outset, the paper tries to provide a short introduction to the Children’s Centres and the issues faced by them. The research aim is introduced in this particular section. The next chapter is the literature review that assists in the analysis of the findings. The third chapter is the research methodology where the researcher tries to address the research methods applied to successfully achieve the objectives of the research. Qualitative method has been applied in the dissertation. Questionnaire has been prepared for conducting the personal interview and analysed with the help of secondary data and with the help of the literature rev iew. The research paper progresses with research findings and analysis. It tries to address what the managers say regarding the budget cuts. Finally conclusion and recommendation are provided in order to summarise the findings of the whole study and to provide recommendation for further improvement. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Chapter One: Introduction 6 1.1. Background of the Study 6 1.2. Statement of the Problem 8 1.3. Objectives of the Study 9 1.4. Structure of the Study 10 Chapter Two: Literature Review 11 2.1. Children’s Centres’ Ethos and Vision 11 2.2. The Recent and Future Budget Cuts 12 2.3. Effect of Budget Cuts on Cambridgeshire Children’s Centres 16 Chapter Three: Research Methodology 20 3.1. Research Approaches 20 3.2. Research Methods 22 3.3. Data Collection Process 24 3.4. Data Analysis 26 3.5. Ethical Issues of the Study 27 Chapter Four: Findings and Analysis 28 4.1. Findings 28 4.2. Analysis of the Findings 32 4.2.2. Measure s and Management of the Budget Cuts 34 4.2.3. Involvement of Staffs in the Planning Process 35 4.2.4. Ethos and Vision of Children Care 36 4.2.5. Steps to Ensure That the Centres Stays Focused On the Ethos and Visions 36 Chapter Five: Discussion 37 Chapter Six: Recommendations 42 Chapter Seven: Conclusion 45 7.1. Summary of the Key Findings of the Study 45 7.2. Limitations of the Study 46 7.3. Scope of the Study 46 References 48 Bibliography 58 Chapter One: Introduction 1.1. Background of the Study In the modern era, Children’s Centres have become a significant part of the socio-demographic environment of various cultures. With the increasing complexity in the lifestyle preferred by the population, services provided by the Children’s Centres have proved to be of immense support to the parents. The services provided by the Children’s Centres in a society are related to the health services, family support services, family activity information, child care education services and employment and training counsels. However, Children’s Centres operating in various regions are concerned with the health, education and other related issues of the children aged between 0 to 5 years. With the aim of betterment of the child care practices in the society, Children’s Centres perform a variety of activities, such as drop-in play sessions, parental guidance, child development courses, access to health visitors and various other counselling services (Cambridgeshire County Council, 2009). Thus, Children’s Centres have become an integral part of the society in the current era which in turn signifies its obligation towards the local communities. In other words, as the interest of the local communities and its stakeholders is built-in with the operations of the Children’