What Did Charles George Gordon Do to Earn the View That He Was an Imperial Hero and Was It Justified?

What did Charles George Gordon do to earn the view that he was an Imperial Hero and was it justified? When discussing heroes the first things that would come to mind are selfless individuals, they would show a tremendous amount of bravery in the face of certain defeat and have the courage and determination to beat overwhelming odds. The dictionary definitions of heroes are â€Å"a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength and ability† or â€Å"a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities†.Charles George Gordon has gone down in history as a an imperial hero, during this essay I will ascertain what it was Charles Gordon did to earn this title and whether or not it was justified. Gordon was the son of a Royal Artillery officer and born in 1833. He was part of a large family with five sisters and five brothers. It would be from one his sisters that Gordon would inspiration for his strong religious views as his life went o n. Gordon followed in his father’s footsteps and enlisted in the military, he joined the Royal Engineers as an officer.Gordon thrived in the Engineers with the nature of the work perfectly suited to his personality; they were posted all over the world building bridges, siege work and buildings all over the world. One of his first postings was to Pembroke Dock in Wale, here Gordon converted to Christianity. Although this wasn’t the beginning of the Gospel spreading Gordon we know today, he was still indifferent with regards to his religion he was not actively spreading the Christian word.By the time of his death, Gordon was a devout Christian, he did not fear death for he genuinely felt that death would lead him to a better place. By 1854 Gordon had become a very religious man, a lot of the can be attributed to his older sister Augusta. He wrote to her often almost thanking her for her spiritual guidance whilst also keeping her updated with his religious journey â€Å" You know I was never confirmed. When I was a cadet, I thought it was a useless sin as I did not intend to alter (not that it was in my power to be converted when I chose).I however, took my first sacrament on Easter day, and have communed ever since. †(Churchill, 2009, p95) I feel that his change in religious views ultimately would have a huge affect in how we was remembered and thought of. Religion was a huge part of the Empire, although the main stimulants for empire were to expand lands and capture natural resources, there was an aspect that by colonising lands it would also spread the message of God. Civilise and educate the savages of foreign lands. At the height of the imperial age church people liked to argue that religion and the British empire were inseparable- that the visible, commercial and political empire was woven into the fabric of another, invisible country- a spiritual empire’ (Carey, 2008, p1). Charles Gordon was given many different political roles w ithin the British Empire whilst serving in the army, however it is the Sudan that he is renowned for. In 1874 was appointed the full Governor of the Sudan. In typical Gordon style he launched himself into his new role, paying particular attention to the curbing and stopping of the slave trade.This was the sort of impossible task that Gordon relished. Gordon despised the slave trade, and he wrote often about it, voicing his disgust frequently in his letters. â€Å"I am a fool, I dare say, but I cannot see the sufferings of these peoples without tears in my eyes†¦. †. (2010, Moore-Hall) Alice Moore-Hall writes that despite his hero label, Gordon didn’t successfully complete his objectives. Gordon essentially brought the area under the control of Egypt, however Moore-Hall explains that this was only really the case when Gordon or his representatives were present in the region.He was extremely successful at reducing the slave trade within the Sudan, a somewhat difficu lt task considering the affect that it had on the economy of the area. He did not however completely stop it, something that Moore-Hall attributes to the locals within Gordon’s expedition due to the participation of peoples under his command partaking in the enterprises they were in fact charged with stopping. The economic interest, political stability and social relations brought into question by the slave trade made it a practice that even the likes of Gordon would fail to eradicate.So the question remains, was it his efforts in Sudan that brought him heroic status within the empire, it wasn’t a finished job, there was no real glory or great British achievement within Gordon’s actions on his first trip to the Sudan, he wasn’t even working for the British military at the time. Gordon left the Sudan in 1879 with the intention of becoming the Private Secretary to the Viceroy of India amongst other things such as visiting Palestine, South Africa and Ireland . None of the positions he undertook following the Sudan were of any great importance highlighting the lack of trust in him from the British War Office.When looking at the roles which Gordon undertook, it is reasonable to question why it was exactly that he was the man sent to the Sudan when trouble was arising? The British Government, led by Gladstone had viciously attacked Disraeli and the previous government’s foreign policies, yet by 1882 an invasion of Egypt was sanctioned in order to protect the Suez Canal. This led to further involvement with the Sudan due to its ties with Egypt. A self proclaimed leader of Muslims, intent on holy war and cleansing the Muslim religion had succeeded in uniting the various groupings within the Sudan.The British government more than likely would have been happy with abandoning the Sudan, perhaps even Egypt. It is believed by Historians such as Michael Asher that Gladstone felt inclined to intervene in the Sudan due to his beliefs that the Sudanese were struggling to be free. By the end of 1883, Army Officers, clergymen, Egyptian Experts and even Queen Victoria herself were lobbying for Government intervention, more importantly, for Gordon. Gladstone reportedly had an intense dislike for Gordon, he felt that he was both rash and irresponsible.The media and public however did not feel the same way. W T Stead of the Pall Mall Gazzette wrote â€Å"We cannot send a regiment to Khartoum, but we can send a man who on similar circumstances than an entire army. Why not send Chinese Gordon with full powers to Khartoum, to assume absolute control for the territory, to treat with the Mahdi, to relieve the garrisons , and do what he can to save what can be saved from the wreck of the Sudan? † (Asher (2003) p4). This attitude was enthusiastically backed up Stead with their backing of Gordon.This wave of support pushed the government into acting quickly. This public support tells us that Gordon was held in high regard prior to his second visit to the Sudan. He had proven to the empire his skills, he held religion in extremely high regard and previous form tells us he achieved results. He gained an international reputation as an effective commander of armed forces not as skilled as the British. Particularly in China, he was rewarded by both the Chinese and the British for his efforts in quashing a rebellion.Surely he was the perfect man for the job. By the December of 1883, the British had ordered the Egyptians to order their troops to retreat and abandon the Sudan along with civilians and families. Gordon was sent with the intention of assisting the plans for evacuation. Gordon arrived in February the following year and immediately began to evacuate the women, children sick and wounded back to Egypt. It didn’t take long for Mahdi’s forces closed in the Sudanese capital following astounding defeats of the Egyptian forces.By April the British Forces had all withdrawn from Garrisons in the Sudan effectively leaving Gordon and his men abandoned. Gordon was not sent to the Sudan to fight the Ma’hdi, far from it and when the news had travelled that Gordon was in Sudan, he received little sympathy from the British Government. Gladstone did not act swiftly in sending a rescue party. It is believed by historians such as Dennis Judd, that the delay in this relief party was down to the Governments lack of interest in spending money abroad and annoyance that Gordon had not done what he was asked.The government dragged and the public rallied. Public Opinion in the end was too strong for the government and in the end an order was given to relieve Gordon in Khartoum, unfortunately for Gordon, and the government, it was too late. In the early hours of January 26th 1885 Gordon was murdered by Ma’hdi forces. There were various accounts of his death, varying in details. However the one that captured the Victorian peoples imaginations. Gordon immaculately dressed fightin g to the end.When addressing what it was that made Gordon the imperial hero he was is an interesting one, he was not your stereotypical Imperial hero. What he did do was heroically defend Khartoum, save thousands of women and children with his evacuation. For this it is fair that he is acclaimed a hero. But with regards to a hero of empire, it is harder to justify. He rallied against colonial rule, he didn’t obey his orders with regards to the evacuation of Sudan and he severely undermined the British government of the time. Yet he captured the hearts of a nation and perhaps most importantly, a queen. Dear Miss Gordon – How shall I write to you, or how shall I attempt to express what I feel! To think of your dear, noble, heroic Brother who served his Country and his Queen so truly, so heroically† (Churchill, S (2009) p112). this extract from a letter to Gordon’s sister captures not only the true thoughts of a queen, but perhaps a nation. Statues were erect ed and schools were named after him as well as books, journals and biographies written to celebrate a nations hero. In my opinion I find it very hard to describe Gordon as a hero of the empire.He was as a Christian Martyr foremost, he believed in honour, fairness and god before all else. His life was captured after his death and used to promote jingoistic ideals, the hijackers in fact were the following government, Disraeli jumped aboard promoting an empire of Enlightenment was exactly what the country wanted following the death of Gordon. However, despite the stories and support he received post-mortem the fact was he never conquered a single mile of land for the Queen, and spent the majority of his career working for foreign governments and not in fact the British Army.He was a hero for his achievements, moral code and was someone to look up to and aspire to be but he was not an imperial hero. Churchill, S (2009). General Gordon: A Christian Hero. London: Trediton. Judd, D (1997). Empire. Great Britain: Basicbooks. Pollock, J (1993). Gordon, The man behind the Legend. London: Constable. Asher, M (2003). Khartoum. 2nd ed. London: Penquin. Carey, H (2008). Empires of Religion. New Zealand: Macmillan. Moore-Hall, A (2010). Egypt's Africa Empire: Samuel Baker, Charles Gordon ; the Creation of Equatoria. Sussex: Sussex Academic Press What Did Charles George Gordon Do to Earn the View That He Was an Imperial Hero and Was It Justified? What did Charles George Gordon do to earn the view that he was an Imperial Hero and was it justified? When discussing heroes the first things that would come to mind are selfless individuals, they would show a tremendous amount of bravery in the face of certain defeat and have the courage and determination to beat overwhelming odds. The dictionary definitions of heroes are â€Å"a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength and ability† or â€Å"a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities†.Charles George Gordon has gone down in history as a an imperial hero, during this essay I will ascertain what it was Charles Gordon did to earn this title and whether or not it was justified. Gordon was the son of a Royal Artillery officer and born in 1833. He was part of a large family with five sisters and five brothers. It would be from one his sisters that Gordon would inspiration for his strong religious views as his life went o n. Gordon followed in his father’s footsteps and enlisted in the military, he joined the Royal Engineers as an officer.Gordon thrived in the Engineers with the nature of the work perfectly suited to his personality; they were posted all over the world building bridges, siege work and buildings all over the world. One of his first postings was to Pembroke Dock in Wale, here Gordon converted to Christianity. Although this wasn’t the beginning of the Gospel spreading Gordon we know today, he was still indifferent with regards to his religion he was not actively spreading the Christian word.By the time of his death, Gordon was a devout Christian, he did not fear death for he genuinely felt that death would lead him to a better place. By 1854 Gordon had become a very religious man, a lot of the can be attributed to his older sister Augusta. He wrote to her often almost thanking her for her spiritual guidance whilst also keeping her updated with his religious journey â€Å" You know I was never confirmed. When I was a cadet, I thought it was a useless sin as I did not intend to alter (not that it was in my power to be converted when I chose).I however, took my first sacrament on Easter day, and have communed ever since. †(Churchill, 2009, p95) I feel that his change in religious views ultimately would have a huge affect in how we was remembered and thought of. Religion was a huge part of the Empire, although the main stimulants for empire were to expand lands and capture natural resources, there was an aspect that by colonising lands it would also spread the message of God. Civilise and educate the savages of foreign lands. At the height of the imperial age church people liked to argue that religion and the British empire were inseparable- that the visible, commercial and political empire was woven into the fabric of another, invisible country- a spiritual empire’ (Carey, 2008, p1). Charles Gordon was given many different political roles w ithin the British Empire whilst serving in the army, however it is the Sudan that he is renowned for. In 1874 was appointed the full Governor of the Sudan. In typical Gordon style he launched himself into his new role, paying particular attention to the curbing and stopping of the slave trade.This was the sort of impossible task that Gordon relished. Gordon despised the slave trade, and he wrote often about it, voicing his disgust frequently in his letters. â€Å"I am a fool, I dare say, but I cannot see the sufferings of these peoples without tears in my eyes†¦. †. (2010, Moore-Hall) Alice Moore-Hall writes that despite his hero label, Gordon didn’t successfully complete his objectives. Gordon essentially brought the area under the control of Egypt, however Moore-Hall explains that this was only really the case when Gordon or his representatives were present in the region.He was extremely successful at reducing the slave trade within the Sudan, a somewhat difficu lt task considering the affect that it had on the economy of the area. He did not however completely stop it, something that Moore-Hall attributes to the locals within Gordon’s expedition due to the participation of peoples under his command partaking in the enterprises they were in fact charged with stopping. The economic interest, political stability and social relations brought into question by the slave trade made it a practice that even the likes of Gordon would fail to eradicate.So the question remains, was it his efforts in Sudan that brought him heroic status within the empire, it wasn’t a finished job, there was no real glory or great British achievement within Gordon’s actions on his first trip to the Sudan, he wasn’t even working for the British military at the time. Gordon left the Sudan in 1879 with the intention of becoming the Private Secretary to the Viceroy of India amongst other things such as visiting Palestine, South Africa and Ireland . None of the positions he undertook following the Sudan were of any great importance highlighting the lack of trust in him from the British War Office.When looking at the roles which Gordon undertook, it is reasonable to question why it was exactly that he was the man sent to the Sudan when trouble was arising? The British Government, led by Gladstone had viciously attacked Disraeli and the previous government’s foreign policies, yet by 1882 an invasion of Egypt was sanctioned in order to protect the Suez Canal. This led to further involvement with the Sudan due to its ties with Egypt. A self proclaimed leader of Muslims, intent on holy war and cleansing the Muslim religion had succeeded in uniting the various groupings within the Sudan.The British government more than likely would have been happy with abandoning the Sudan, perhaps even Egypt. It is believed by Historians such as Michael Asher that Gladstone felt inclined to intervene in the Sudan due to his beliefs that the Sudanese were struggling to be free. By the end of 1883, Army Officers, clergymen, Egyptian Experts and even Queen Victoria herself were lobbying for Government intervention, more importantly, for Gordon. Gladstone reportedly had an intense dislike for Gordon, he felt that he was both rash and irresponsible.The media and public however did not feel the same way. W T Stead of the Pall Mall Gazzette wrote â€Å"We cannot send a regiment to Khartoum, but we can send a man who on similar circumstances than an entire army. Why not send Chinese Gordon with full powers to Khartoum, to assume absolute control for the territory, to treat with the Mahdi, to relieve the garrisons , and do what he can to save what can be saved from the wreck of the Sudan? † (Asher (2003) p4). This attitude was enthusiastically backed up Stead with their backing of Gordon.This wave of support pushed the government into acting quickly. This public support tells us that Gordon was held in high regard prior to his second visit to the Sudan. He had proven to the empire his skills, he held religion in extremely high regard and previous form tells us he achieved results. He gained an international reputation as an effective commander of armed forces not as skilled as the British. Particularly in China, he was rewarded by both the Chinese and the British for his efforts in quashing a rebellion.Surely he was the perfect man for the job. By the December of 1883, the British had ordered the Egyptians to order their troops to retreat and abandon the Sudan along with civilians and families. Gordon was sent with the intention of assisting the plans for evacuation. Gordon arrived in February the following year and immediately began to evacuate the women, children sick and wounded back to Egypt. It didn’t take long for Mahdi’s forces closed in the Sudanese capital following astounding defeats of the Egyptian forces.By April the British Forces had all withdrawn from Garrisons in the Sudan effectively leaving Gordon and his men abandoned. Gordon was not sent to the Sudan to fight the Ma’hdi, far from it and when the news had travelled that Gordon was in Sudan, he received little sympathy from the British Government. Gladstone did not act swiftly in sending a rescue party. It is believed by historians such as Dennis Judd, that the delay in this relief party was down to the Governments lack of interest in spending money abroad and annoyance that Gordon had not done what he was asked.The government dragged and the public rallied. Public Opinion in the end was too strong for the government and in the end an order was given to relieve Gordon in Khartoum, unfortunately for Gordon, and the government, it was too late. In the early hours of January 26th 1885 Gordon was murdered by Ma’hdi forces. There were various accounts of his death, varying in details. However the one that captured the Victorian peoples imaginations. Gordon immaculately dressed fightin g to the end.When addressing what it was that made Gordon the imperial hero he was is an interesting one, he was not your stereotypical Imperial hero. What he did do was heroically defend Khartoum, save thousands of women and children with his evacuation. For this it is fair that he is acclaimed a hero. But with regards to a hero of empire, it is harder to justify. He rallied against colonial rule, he didn’t obey his orders with regards to the evacuation of Sudan and he severely undermined the British government of the time. Yet he captured the hearts of a nation and perhaps most importantly, a queen. Dear Miss Gordon – How shall I write to you, or how shall I attempt to express what I feel! To think of your dear, noble, heroic Brother who served his Country and his Queen so truly, so heroically† (Churchill, S (2009) p112). this extract from a letter to Gordon’s sister captures not only the true thoughts of a queen, but perhaps a nation. Statues were erect ed and schools were named after him as well as books, journals and biographies written to celebrate a nations hero. In my opinion I find it very hard to describe Gordon as a hero of the empire.He was as a Christian Martyr foremost, he believed in honour, fairness and god before all else. His life was captured after his death and used to promote jingoistic ideals, the hijackers in fact were the following government, Disraeli jumped aboard promoting an empire of Enlightenment was exactly what the country wanted following the death of Gordon. However, despite the stories and support he received post-mortem the fact was he never conquered a single mile of land for the Queen, and spent the majority of his career working for foreign governments and not in fact the British Army.He was a hero for his achievements, moral code and was someone to look up to and aspire to be but he was not an imperial hero. Churchill, S (2009). General Gordon: A Christian Hero. London: Trediton. Judd, D (1997). Empire. Great Britain: Basicbooks. Pollock, J (1993). Gordon, The man behind the Legend. London: Constable. Asher, M (2003). Khartoum. 2nd ed. London: Penquin. Carey, H (2008). Empires of Religion. New Zealand: Macmillan. Moore-Hall, A (2010). Egypt's Africa Empire: Samuel Baker, Charles Gordon ; the Creation of Equatoria. Sussex: Sussex Academic Press

Aviatin Policy

Airline Policy & Strategy Assessment 1 Academic Year 2012-2013 Formulating Analysing & Researching Policy The first assessment for this module asks you to deconstruct a piece of tourism policy. It draws directly on the research paradigm outlined by Fidgeon & Ritchie (2005). In addition it develops the self-directed activities you have been recommended to undertake in your study pack together with our work in lectures and tutorials. As a consequence you should be familiar with all of the tasks being assessed in this exercise.Before you launch into the assessment, read the policy document you have been given thoroughly. In addition the assessment also requires that you find some additional detailed information. Check that you have it to hand. Engage with the literature here. This requires you to reference material and include this in a bibliography at the back of this assessment You have seven weeks to complete this task. The deadline for submission is 12 noon on Friday 22nd March 2013 . Answer in the space provided below each question.Alternatively if you wish you can replicate the assessment on your own PC and submit a word processed version. Completed scripts should be submitted to the Faculty Office (TC375) with an accompanying cover sheet. An electronic copy of your work should also be submitted through Turn-it-in by the same date and time. Remember, this should be treated as an individual task. Identical scripts will be treated as plagiarism and will be dealt with accordingly. This exercise will count as the equivalent of 40% to your overall assessment mark. If there are any problems see me at the end of your lecture or tutorial or lternatively make an appointment to see me at a mutually convenient time. Paul Fidgeon February 2013 Task 1. Tourism policy can be conceptualised as an integrated set of components. The first step in this process is to understand what you can do and what is legally, ethically and politically acceptable (the developmental philosoph y). To this end, what underlying philosophies have influenced this policy and how? Identify five here. — Task 2 From an understanding of the socio-economic and political parameters that influence a piece of policy it is possible to come up with a vision.With reference to the literature identify what is visioning? Provide an example of a vision statement from your policy document. (Note it may be necessary to read between the lines if this is not immediately obvious. ) Why is it necessary to undertake such an exercise? According to Meadows(2004) visioning means taking off the constraints of ‘’feasibility’’, of disbelief and past disappointments, letting your mind dwell upon its most noble, uplifting, treasured dreams. To ensure sufficient hub capacity is in place to handle forecast aircraft and passengers, with improved resilience.Heathrow has taken steps towards becoming Europe’s hub of choice. The capital investment programme has modernised Heathrow to provide a better experience for its passengers. Heathrow’s ASQ score, an internationally benchmarked survey measure of passenger satisfaction, has been improved from 3. 43 in 2007 to 3. 88 in 2011. It achieved its highest ever score of 3. 92 in the survey for the first quarter of 2012 which continues to position Heathrow as one of Europe’s leading hubs, with the airport ranking first among the five largest airports in Europe on 15 of 33 survey measures.Task 3 Any vision will always be influenced by the mission statement of the company or organisation responsible for formulating that policy. Identify the mission statement of this company/organisation. To give safety and security the highest priority at all times by systematically assessing and managing our safety and security risks through audited, best practice management systems. Task 4 Any policy will include a statement of what it hopes to achieve i. e. its aims. Outline any five policy aims taken direct ly from your policy document. 1. Terminal 2 Replacement.Which will have a satellite pier T2B, with 16 boarding gates catering for the largest aircraft. It will also have an energy centre that will be built with sustainability at its heart. 2. Airport Capacity Optimisation: To optimise capacity within the constraint of 480,000 ATMs. The western campus A380 stands projects will increase T3/T4 A380 capability in preparation for anticipated additional A380 aircraft. 3. Portfolio of projects: Encompasses the wider set of capital projects outside the major strategic business change programmes. It includes regulatory compliance, environment and safety. 4.IT/ Systems: The programme implements technology which reduces operating costs and delivers improved value to Heathrow’s business, airline and passenger stakeholders. Projects include: IT Security, Radio and Cellular infrastructure and Integrated Baggage IT. 5. Western Baggage product: The T3 Integrated Baggage System will replace t he life expired baggage infrastructure in Terminal 3. The project will provide the Terminal 3 airline community with a modern baggage facility, it will also improve minimum connect times and miss connect rates. Task 5 How will these aims be operationalised? i. e. ut into practice. (Note one sentence is all that is needed here) –Mission statement is to make every journey better. Task 6 Outline five demand and five supply orientated strategies found in your policy document. Demand Strategies 1. Balance capacity across the LHR campus 2. Be prepared for growth in A380 traffic 3. Protect Heathrow reputation 4. Minimising the effect of capacity constraints at Heathrow 5. Support argument for future Capacity at LHR by delivery of Environmental Benefit Supply strategies 1. New model line 2. Terminal five transfers Add security Lanes 3. T3 South Wing HVAC Replacement . Way finding strategy Initiative 5. Terminal five early bag store capacity increase Task 7 Clearly some ‘entityà ¢â‚¬â„¢ (i. e. body or organisation) must be designated with the responsibility for writing, co-ordinating and implementing any policy document. In the case of this policy, who has such responsibility? How do they envisage conducting their role(s)? For example, will they take total responsibility for the document and its content or will they designate certain responsibilities? – A comprehensive structure is in place to engage with the airline community on the Q5 programme and beyond.The Joint Steering Team (JST) provides a forum for cross campus consultation and is attended by representatives from the home based carriers, the alliances, IATA and the AOC. The Information Technology (IT)/Systems scope is covered by three separate portfolios; Airport Operational Systems, Infrastructure Renewal and Business Planning and Support Solutions The management and allocation of PSDH funds is governed through the Joint Steering Team (JST). Task 8 Finally we used the term stakeholder for a ny person who seeks to influence the policy making process.Give some examples of the stakeholders who influenced this policy document. How were they involved? (How did they get their views across? ) Were they successful in influencing policy decisions? Again it will be necessary to engage with the wider literature here to fully answer this question. Hall( 2002) states that anyone who can influence the process of making policy individual, group, political party, preserve group. The Surface Access Stakeholder Programme Board was formed in November 2009, the programme Board meets on a quarterly basis and is chaired by the Heathrow Surface Access Project Manager.The purpose is to ensure airlines and key stakeholders are engaged with the Programme objectives and delivery, so that the objectives are achieved.. it provides stakeholders with an overview of all solutions in the programme to assure alignment and also demonstrate compliance with the CAA Q5 CIP settlement Annex G. The principal interfaces associated with this programme are many and cover the breadth of the existing Capital Delivery Programmes right through to the CAA.These interfaces are centrally about the development of information upon which the Q6 Capital Investment Plan will be based. These interfaces are therefore central to this programme being successful. Internally the team will be leveraging the appointed business unit Champions in identifying and generating effective engagement with key areas of the business. Externally key airline stakeholders will have a significant part to play. External sub groups are focusing on the development and review of key concepts as part of the development of the Q6 Capital Investment Plan.Mark Allocation In planning your time you might find it useful to consult the following table. This outlines the allocation of marks attached to each element of this assessment. Obviously spend the most time on those questions with the greatest number of marks. Task 1 10 marks Ta sk 2 5 marks Task 3 2 marks Task 4 5 marks Task 5 1 mark Task 6 10 marks Task 7 7 marks Task 8 10 marks Total 50 marks Airline & Airport Policy Module code: TH60052E Module Leader: Paul Fidgeon Student Name: 21067373

What medical information should be confidential Who, if anybody, Research Paper

What medical information should be confidential Who, if anybody, should have access to medical records - Research Paper Example This research paper aims to identify the behaviors and perceptions of medical staff regarding EHRs by interviewing a sample size of 15 staff members at an ophthalmology centre. The research findings of the study reveal that while, employee awareness regarding EHR has increased in recent times, a significant percentage of medical professionals are yet to experience the benefits of the system. It is observed that medical professionals still have certain reservations regarding the implementation of the technology which range from financial concerns, a fear of losing their jobs and grave concerns regarding patient privacy and confidentiality of patient information that may be comprised by the adoption of Electronic Health Records. ... The questions of the survey have been designed in a manner which ensures that the interest of the participants is maintained as it is acknowledged that extended periods of interviewing may tire the participants thereby, impacting the conclusions of the study in an adverse manner. Therefore, the expected time for survey completion has been set as 20 minutes. In addition with the ethical considerations that have been outlined previously, the scope of the study also extends to areas which address the challenges that are faced by physicians in adopting Electronic Method of Recording (EMRs) data, whether EMRs provide more benefits and advantages in comparison with paper based methods of keeping patient records and the pertinent initiatives that should be taken to improve the overall success and efficiency of EMR in medical facilities and health institutions. Owing to the immense importance of ethics in research, the findings of the study have been reported in exactly the same manner and e valuated in accordance with the information that was collected from the participants during the survey process. Moreover, the research methodology of the study is characterized by the implementation of stratified random sampling to avoid bias in the selection of participants for the study. As the key focus of this study the research was able to uncover the significance of confidentiality in the field of medical reporting. Consequently, the ethical aspects that have been addressed in the study include respecting the anonymity of participants by ensuring that their names and other personal information is not revealed. Furthermore, for the purposes of enhancing the objectivity of the conclusions of this chapter the research questions

Immigration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Immigration law - Essay Example However, the blurring of the distinction between the need to legislate for immigration on the one hand and protection from terrorism on the other is further perpetuated by the patchwork of piecemeal immigration legislation in the UK, which is further compounded by the legal rights of asylum seekers. On the other side of the legal spectrum, the implementation of the Human Rights Act in 1998 (HRA) enshrines the fundamental rights and freedoms of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. From an immigration policy perspective, the most important rights relied on in immigration cases have been the Article 5 right, which prohibits detention without trial and the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment under Article 3. Additionally, Article 14 guarantees rights under the ECHR. On the one hand, these fundamental freedoms are essential to the function of the UK as a democracy. On the other hand, the reliance on the ECHR rights through the HRA 1998 arguably undermines immigration rules and legislation, which enables the UK immigration system to be exploited1. However, it is precisely this paradox within the law that enables the changing Governmental policy from circumventing both entrenched immigration and asylum rules and human rights protection on grounds of â€Å"national security†2. This is particularly evidenced by the implementation of the controversial Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2003 (ACTSA), which permits derogation from the ECHR. The contradictory nature of UK immigration policy and compliance with human rights highlights the inherent flaw in enacting knee jerk legislative responses to socio-economic issues. This further highlighted by the dichotomy in protection afforded by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 and the Convention on the Status of Refugees 1951

A Solution in Search of a Problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Solution in Search of a Problem - Assignment Example The essay will show the differences occurring in the affirmative plan and how they have come about. The purpose of affirmative action is very different from what it is assumed to be. It does not aim to merge varying groups of people in educational institutes and places of work just to create a mixed group. Instead the affirmative action program is set to reduce discrimination and increase the economy of the region. This allows the region to prosper as groups which have been previously marginalized are given an equal standing. This can be applicable not only to various ethnicities but also gender. Women and African Americans are particularly affected by prejudice. If given the right kind of education and professional background, these groups can succeed, socially and economically, enormously. Thus there are two types of concepts working to create equality. Equal employment opportunity law works to get rights of work for all. The affirmative action policy removes social obstacles facing these groups. Thus, while one works to improve the economy, the second ensures that the group has social mobility. The first factor that has molded affirmative action is the target population. The number of members giving their public opinion has been lessened with variations in their race. Courts have made the decision that race and population are vital components for reaching a policy on affirmative action. Thus, it is vital to have a group that is conscious of race before reaching a decision on any affirmative action. Yet, with a change in attitude, the number of opportunities given to blacks and women in the affirmative action plan has been reduced greatly. Instead, greater concentration is paid to those who have suffered economic problems. Thus a smaller group is now considered for this plan. Another aspect of reducing the rates of discrimination is by making the process of reduction in schools and other public institutes, open to scrutiny. Because hiring and pay are not open to the public which can lead to unintentional inequity. The affirmative action plan aims to keep policies of wage, employment and promotions open to examination. But it also distributes opportunity, income and status which can be considerably harmful in its move to achieve equality. Affirmative action poses to redistribute the wealth paid in by tax payers to those who need it. This creates challenges by those who do not agree with this distribution of wealth. Thus, this policy needs to explain not only where the money goes but also where how the decisions of this distribution are made. Personal details of the individual are observed to find employment. This means that an individual needs to interact with fellow members of society. These networks help ensure that the individual is given a balanced redistribution according to their needs. This aspect assists in discrimination according to race and gender being removed because of the communication between the different groups. Class is seen as an essential component to better understand the affirmative action plan. It is seen as a tool to which the problems of race can be better understood. Yet, this is

PROCESS SPEECH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PROCESS SPEECH - Essay Example It will be beneficial to do some research about the career field that you intend to purse, what qualifications are needed for your desired jobs and how to effectively market your skills. The chronological type focuses mainly on your employment history, your most recent job position is usually slotted for the first position and the rest follow chronologically. This resume type is used when you want your prospective employers to follow through career development through the years. The functional resume mainly focuses on your experiences and skills. The skills are typically grouped into functional areas. This type of resume is best used when you want to change a job or if you are trying to fit a gap in your company. As the name may suggest, combination resume is a combination of both the functional and the chronological types. This resume will therefore highlight the competencies and provide chronological work history that you deem suitable for the employer. The other type of resume is the targeted one. This is usually prepared to target a specific job. The job seeker will therefore edit the resume to fit the employer’s needs. The objective or vision statement in this resume must refer directly to the vacant position being applied for. The rule of thumb in selecting the best type of resume to use is choosing the type that will best reflect how your skills are a match to the vacancy you are applying for. The table below looks at some of the important differences between the different common resume types. Most companies prefer hard copy resumes to the electronic ones. The hard copy resume is typically mailed, faxed or even hand delivered to the company premises. Most employers will also require that you carry it to the interview room if you are shortlisted. There are some important things to keep in mind before you print out the resume. Precise- Keep your resume as short as possible. 1-2 pages is the recommended length. Human resource

This is my final essay so it has to be good Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

This is my final so it has to be good - Essay Example However, the major challenge was on how to put down this information in written form so as to communicate it to the intended readers. I always found myself making several drafts before giving a final paper. This made me spend a lot of time to come up with a piece of writing that effectively communicated what was intended. One of my major challenges at the beginning of the course was grammar. Being an international student, I did not have adequate knowledge on grammar rules in English. Particularly, tenses were very difficult to understand. Because different words have different ways of how to change their tenses, I always found myself making mistakes. I mixed different tenses in my writings which confused readers. Additionally, determining the right preposition to use in different situations was difficult. It was difficult to determine when to use by, on and in. Even more challenging was using these prepositions to correctly come up with phrasal verbs. From this course, I learned that passive sentences are used in academic writing. I had difficulties changing active sentences into passive sentences. Wrongfully mixing active and passive sentences in my writing made me fail in academic writing. Secondly, ensuring coherence in writing was a challenge. It was difficult to connect sentences and even words together to come up with an appropriate text. I learned about conjunctions and how they are used for this function. Each of the conjunctions learned have different purposes and can only be used for the specific purposes that they should meet. Some like and, also and additionally are used to show addition while others like however and but show that the argument is opposing what was stated earlier (Gangal 53). Selecting which conjunction to use in a given context was challenging at times, especially when they were to be placed at the beginning of the sentence. Therefore, I always found myself using conjunctions used to contrast when I intended to use

Field Trip Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Field Trip Journal - Essay Example I even found myself loving the class more and more, especially when we began discussing the textbook and the beach types. By the time we started going for the trips, I was already in love with Marine Biology. A number of field trips that we went during the semester made the class more fun and lively and indeed, I learnt a number of things during these trips. Here is my journal on the various field trips that we went to. On 9th March 2013, we visited the Cabrillo Marion Aquarium. We arrived at around midday. The professor and the tour guide showed us around the shore. He told us to take care and be watchful of the animals and avoid those that were likely to harm us. He insisted on the safety measures that he had taught us. We then started the trip, and looked at the various animals in the aquarium. The various marine animals in the aquarium include the Lion Nudibranchia, which is a soft bodied animal. I learnt that it normally sheds it after the larval stage. I found it quite confusin g with the sea slug, and could not tell where their difference lay. Bat star (Patiria miniata) has five arms with a centre disc which is very wide. I was able to identify the many colours that the animals had, which were green, purple, red, orange, yellow and brown. I found it rather funny that an animal could have so many colours. Among the rocks I could make out the Giant sea star, (Pisaster giganteus) especially due to its huge size and the length of its arms which were very long. I also saw the warty sea cucumber (Parastichopus parvimensis) and felt its soft body that was cylindrical in shape. Its skin was leathery and which is either reddish brown or yellow in colour. California spiny lobster scared me with the huge body and large antennae that protruded from its head. I wondered how it would feel like for the animal carrying such large antennae on its forehead, imagining that it must get tired at times. California moray eel looked so ugly to me, with the huge mouth and the roc k like body that made it appear uglier and disgusting to look at. After visiting the aquarium, I think that looking and observing these marine creatures in real person is very different from studying them in a textbook. I felt that they are living, with their funny features, and sometimes weird nature making me awe at their uniqueness. I would suggest to the Cabrillo marine aquarium to assign bigger tanks or separate them because they appear to be too squeezed and uncomfortable. The following trip was to the Marine Mammal Care Centre that was on the 20th March 2013. The centre is a rehabilitation place for various animals in California, especially those that are hurt and the ones that cannot properly look after themselves. I felt quite sorry for the ones that were really wounded. However, the attendants who were mostly volunteers made me feel compassionate about animals. Their devotion towards the animals made me look at animal kingdom in a different way. While some people kill anim als for food and others wound them, some take care of their mess. There were two animals that I greatly mistook for sea lions since I had not gotten much used to their differences apart from the textbook pictures. However, I realized from the sign on the cage that they were On 27th March 2013, we visited the Point Fermin. Our professor allowed us to go to up to the shore.

Stiffer legal penalties for drunk driving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stiffer legal penalties for drunk driving - Essay Example In the US, most people die due to traffic crushes caused by elevated alcohol consumption with most of them being below the age 34. Many Americans are licensed drivers and the majority of them drink. This implies that many individuals drive after the consumption of alcohol in many occasions. Moreover, in some social categories, such as younger men, the habit of drinking while driving appear to be most favorable to create impaired drinking. Therefore, it is clear that drunk driving is a routine and expected aspect of most people, and it is supported by prevailing norms (Clinard & Meier 279). Presently, most people engage in unwanted drinking in their twenties. Drinking is not the problem but the way they drink augments the risks of alcohol-related accidents. Such drinking usually results into destructive consequences, and most particularly the deaths that are connected with the alcohol (Clinard & Meier 280). Most of the drivers who die in car accidents are usually tested positive for alcohol and it appears that drinkers not only risk their lives, but they also pose a serious public health threat. Since many drunken driving occurrences end in tragedy, individuals should avoid excessive drinking. One of the causes for the implementation of â€Å"stiffer legal penalties for drunk driving† is the increased deaths of people in traffic accidents due to drunk drivers. There has been the formation of many public-interest groups, which advocate on the problem and play visible roles in debate about drunken driving (Clinard & Meier 280). These groups have pressed stronger sanctions against drunk drivers and higher awareness of the problems linked with drinking drivers. Local chapters have spread all over the country, to try to influence the law implementation processes and penalties against drunk drivers. The stiffer legal penalties influence the drinking and driving behavior. Stiff legal punishments and active

Define strategic management within the framework of total quality Essay

Define strategic management within the framework of total quality service - Essay Example With the rise of competition consumers have more options than ever. Therefore a dissatisfied is most likely to leave a company and move to another company. Therefore all the major companies round the globe have set customer satisfaction as the prime objective leading to evolution of total quality management. However, before discussing the concept of TQM one has to explain quality. According to experts there is no concrete definition of quality. But still quality can be defined as the fitness for use. It is conformance to requirements. Quality of a product or service can be defined as the ability to satisfy the needs and expectations of the customers. So it can be said that quality is a journey, but not a destination. The concept of TQM has existed for many years, although the meaning and perception towards TQM has evolved over the year. After the World War II the quality became more quantifiable in nature. In the early 50’s statistical sampling were used to analyze the quality of the products leading to the true evolution of TQM. By 1960 thanks to the quality gurus the concept took a broader meaning. TQM can be defined as a method to increase the customer satisfaction. It reduces defects of an organization and increases the productivity. However, TQM is not supposed to be restricted to the production department only (Kundu, 2009, p.130). TQM can be successfully implemented through an integrated approach adopted by the organization. This requires the involvement of the employees of all the departments, as well as the involvement of top management. A successfully implemented TQM system can help the organization gain strategic leverage. The study looks to explore various key elements of TQM and relationship strategic importance of TQM with respect to various organizational departments and corresponding activities. Total quality management has deep implications on human resource management. This emphasizes on autonomy, self control and

Success of Henry VII in strengthening the financial position of the Crown Essay Example for Free

Success of Henry VII in strengthening the financial position of the Crown Essay Crown lands were the kings estates. There were many ways in which Henry increased the yield of his crown lands. * Henry gained a lot of land from the Battle of Bosworth by naming himself king before the day of the battle therefore making all his opponents traitors and had the right to attain them all. * He gained a lot of land partly by good fortune from York and Lancaster. * Henry was not as generous as pass kings e.g. Edward IV, and kept most of his lands to himself but with the exception with some people like his mother, his uncle Jasper. * Used escheats, which were a right for the king to have lands passed to him when men died without heirs. * Skilful workers that helped Henry increase yield of lands e.g. Duchy of Lancaster and Sir Reginald Bray. Effectiveness of policy. Income from crown lands was increased by 30 % generally during his reign and with the help of Sir Reginald Bray the annual income of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½650 increased 10 fold. Custom duties. Theses were levied on wool, leather, cloth and wine. It was a fee, which was needed to be paid for trading. Edward IV increased his income by increasing trade and cutting down on embezzlement at all levels. Henry did the same and followed what Edward IV did. Effectiveness of policy. The average annual receipts were à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½33,000 for the first 10 years of the reign and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40,000 thereafter, so there was not a great deal of raised income. Feudal dues. Feudal dues were paid be people who held land from the king in return for military service. Feudal dues included: * Wardship, in which the king took control in the estates of minors until they came an age. * Livery, the payment to recover lands out of wardship. * Marriage, right of crown to arrange marriages for unmarried heirs/heiresses. * Relief, payment made so that the crown recognised inheritance of land rather then reclaiming it to the throne. Effectiveness of policy. Initially the proceeds from wardship and marriage were small, amounting to only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½350 in 1487, but after 1503 a special officer was appointed to supervise them and by 1507 the annual income was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 a massive increase. Revenue through the operation of the judicial system. As monarch, Henry was head of the judicial system and was therefore entitled to its profits. Henry made the most of this by doing a number of things. * Fines: Henry was eager to exact fines rather then imprisonment or execution to increase his incomes. * Attainders: Method of punishment whereby the profits from the attained persons lands go to the crown. Effectiveness of policy. There were a lot of attainders e.g. Sir William Stanley had to payà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,000 and thenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 p.a. for his treason in 1495. The highest passed was 51, total of 140, a third reversed. Parliamentary grants. Extraordinary revenue was money which came to the crow on particular occasions and therefore with no regularity. It arose from the obligation of the kings subjects to help him when the national interest was threatened. It was received, by the king requesting for the parliamentary consent. The usual type of tax levied was a national assessment. Effectiveness of policy. Parliamentary grants were less successful as they restricted Henrys freedom of action in return for money. By 1485 the taxes raised had ossified into a fixed sum of about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29,000. Loans and benevolences. The king could rely on loans from his richer subjects in times of emergency by request, and was almost virtually impossible to decline. Effectiveness of policy. It was effective in the way it was quite successful as Henry had only asked modest amounts of money from his subjects and had always repaid back, probably to lessen the risk of rebellion of some sort. Feudal obligations. As feudal overlord Henry could demand money from his subjects for special occasions e.g. the knighting of his eldest son, marriage of his eldest daughter. Effectiveness of policy. Anyone who earned more then à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 p.a. had to become a knight, along with the financial burdens that it entailed in military service. So this would have made a lot of money to add to the kings income from the financial burdens. Clerical dues and other income from the church. Convocation usually offered money when the king was requesting it from the parliament grant e.g. in 1489 when à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 was raised for the French war. Effectiveness of policy. Due to a rash of deaths amongst the bishops in the last years of the reign, Henry received over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 per annum in this way.

Rh Bill & Malthusian Theory Essay Example for Free

Rh Bill Malthusian Theory Essay In 2011, we have now seven billion people living in this planet. Unfortunately, Earth’s estimated carrying capacity is only about eleven to twelve billion people. With such a big problem we are facing today, it is important to analyze and examine what the scholars of the past have to say of our increasing population. One of the famous population theorists of that time is Thomas Malthus. In 1798, Malthus proposes his own theory about population. According to him, human populations grow exponentially while food production grows at an arithmetic rate. Thus, if the increase in our population is not controlled properly, then the number of the people would increase faster than the food supply. He stated that if this growth rate is allowed to continue, it would lead to a food shortage. To solve this problem, he proposed three solutions. The first one is positive check. This method increases death rates due to wars, famines, disease, and natural disasters. Preventive or negative check is the other one. It lowers the birth rate which is accomplished through abortion, birth control, and celibacy. The last one is moral restraint which is refraining from marriage until the time when a person is capable of supporting a family. This two hundred-year-old theory is now happening these days. It predicted the problems of food shortage that the world is experiencing today because of the uncontrolled increase in population. Still, I cannot fully agree with Malthus because there are things that he forgot to take into consideration when he formulated this theory. One is the ability of man to increase the food production as stated by Marx. He failed to recognize man’s ability to use science and technology to solve these population problems like the possible developments in agricultural technology which can increases the supply of food. Maybe during that time, science is making a slow progress that he assume we cannot remedy these problems. Another one is the use of birth control as a way of reducing population. He believed that having only few kids is the only way to stop or control the increasing growth rate. Moreover, he confused the desire for sexual relationships with the desire to have children. He didn’t realize that a person can still engage in a sexual relationship and still don’t have a child with the help of contraceptives. Although Malthus’ theory has some loopholes, the essentials of the theory have not yet been demolished. There are some assumptions that turned out to be true. RH bill The reproductive health bill which is now a law is the most controversial bill in the Philippines for decades which date back to 1967. The bill is composed of topics which deal with issues about family planning, maternal and child health, and reproductive and sexual conditions. Its main objective is to lift the reproductive standards of Filipinos by promoting respect for life, informed choice, birth spacing and responsible parenthood which is accordance with the human rights standards. It also guarantees access to medically-safe, legal and quality reproductive health care services and relevant information. Although it has promising merits, I do not support the bill because of some of its faulty assumptions. One is the assumption that overpopulation is the cause of poverty. In truth, there is really no relationship between overpopulation and poverty but RH bill still insists that it is the cause of the worsening poverty in our country. It is true that it is one of the factors but it is never the root cause of poverty. What is the primary cause of poverty are the corruption and the bad governance of the administration. In fact, we are one of the most corrupt countries in Southeast Asia. Another assumption is that Philippines is overpopulated. In reality, there is no overpopulation in our country. It is true that our cities are densely populated but in some parts of our country, there are small numbers of people and some are still uninhabited. One more problem in the bill is the belief that contraceptives will prevent abortion and sexually transmitted diseases. We should not entrust our safety to the use of these contraceptives in the prevention of STDs because according to some studies, there is no proof that condoms, for example, is effective in preventing STDs. In the case of abortions, it did not really lessen the incidents. According to a study in Spain, a 10-year period of an increasing use of contraceptive devises had been paralleled by a significantly increasing number of abortions. Though it is already a law, I hope that it can still be corrected so that it can truly uplift the standards of living of the Filipino people and be the solution to lessen the country’s underemployment and booming population.

DBD-NTP Reactor Test for Degradation of Methylene Blue

DBD-NTP Reactor Test for Degradation of Methylene Blue Abstract: Electrical discharges generated at water-gas interface in a nonthermal plasma (NTP) reactor were utilized for the degradation and mineralization of a model aqueous organic pollutant methylene blue. NTP based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have presented a great potential to remove contaminants from wastewater. The degradation of pollutions will greatly depend on the active species generated in NTP process. It was observed that both degradation efficiency and mineralization of the pollutant increased on addition of metal oxide catalyst, hydrogen peroxide and Fe+2 to plasma reactor. It has been observed that methylene blue degradation followed first-order kinetics and degree of mineralization increased as a function of time. 1. Introduction The presence of aqueous organiccompounds in water may have adverse health effects on humans and aquatic organisms[1-4]. Wastewater, especially from paper, textile and pharmaceutical industries may contain highly hazardous and toxic compounds[5, 6]. Typical organic pollutants like pharmaceuticals, dyes, etc are toxic and may contain some non-degradable intermediates that may havea potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity[7, 8]. One ofthe best practiced methods for remediation of these pollutants, adsorption, at best, may tranfer the pollutant to another phase, whereas, biodegradation may be time consuming [6, 9]. Ingeneral, mineralization of these pollutants is much desired. To achieve mineralization, advacned oxidation processes (AOPs) like photo-Fenton, photocatalytic, ultrasonic degradation and sonolysis combined with ozonolysis have been proposed[7, 10-14]. Yet another addition to AOPs is nonthermal plasmas (NTP) generated by electrical discharges. Non-thermal plasmas (cold plasma) are characterized by high electron temperatures (Te) and clod heavy particle temperature (Th). Due to the high electron temperature, the average gas temperature is much lower than that of the electron temperature. NTP based AOPs are gaining attention for remediation of gas and water bound pollutants and especially electric discharges at the water gas interface offers specific advantages like generation high energy electrons that may initiate the reaction, multiple oxidants for mineralization, mild operating conditions and possibility of scale up, etc.Oxidation of pollutant in AOPs proceeds via generation of one of the powerful oxidants, hydroxyl radical (OH, 2.8 V)that can mineralize a majority of the organic pollutants [15-18]. Plasma technologies have agreat potential and are widely used in a large number of technical applications like abatement of air pollutants, surface modification, lasers, etc[19]. The application of plasmas in environmental application has been growing at an exponential rate. Electrical discharges generated at gas-water interface may induce different physical and chemical effects like high electric fields, UV radiation, overpressure shock waves, and the formation of chemically active species [16, 19-22]. The interaction of the high energy electrons created by the discharge with the water molecules produces various reactive species, namely ions (H+, H3O+, O+, H, O, OH), molecular species (H2, O2, H2O2) and radicals (such as O†¢, H†¢, OH†¢) [6, 23-26].In addition, the hot electrons may have higher energy than the dissociation energy of water (5.16 eV) [6, 25,27]. However, even though the presence of UV light has been confirmed, direct photo oxidation of pollutant in water is very limited and among the active species; hydroxyl radical, atomic oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide are the most important ones [28, 29].Thus electrical discharges may provide a capsule of oxidizing species with varying oxidation potentials. For example, OH†¢ radical, one of the most important oxidants, has a very short life time and is mainly generated from the direct dissociation of water molecules in the plasma region [30-32]. The presence of multiple oxidizing species provides various avenues to combine with catalysts. For example, once the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is confirmed, addition of Fe-catalysts may facilitate Fenton type reactions. In a similar manner, in-situ decomposition of ozone on a suitable catalyst may lead to the formation of atomic oxygen, which has still higher oxidation potential than H2O2 and ozone. For the effective utilization of these short lived species, generally, metal oxide catalysts like Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, etc are often integrated with NTP. These catalysts facilitate the in-situ decomposition of ozone, leading to the formation of atomic oxygen, which is a stronger oxidant to ozone. In general, nonthermal plasma reactors may be classified as the sub-atmospheric discharge reactors that demand a reduced pressure (radio frequency, microwave discharge,etc) and that are capable of operating at atmospheric pressure (Corona, dielectric barrier discharge, glow discharge etc). However, as the formation of these active species may depend on the reactor configuration[6, 33-35] it is worth mentioning the widely tested plasma rector models like corona discharge, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), glow discharge, plasma jet, and gliding arc, etc. 1.1. Dielectric barrier discharge Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration is characterized by at least one insulating dielectric layers, which is placed between the electrodes. Its use in environmentalapplications can be tracked back to middle 18th century, when Siemens (1857) used it to generate ozone. The classical DBD configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The advantage of DBD over the other dischargeslies inhaving the option to workwith NTP atatmosphericpressureandcomparatively straight forward scale-upto large dimensions. 1.2. Corona discharge Corona discharge is featured by relatively non-uniform electric field distribution, when compared to DBD, caused by the sharp edge or sharp point of its electrode. In general, one of the electrodes of corona discharge reactors is a needle or a thin wire that may provide a point to plate type discharge propagation. The electric field near the electrodes would be sufficiently higher than the rest of the discharge volume. The typical electrode configurations of corona discharge are illustrated in Figure 3. 1.3. Gliding Arc discharge The gliding arc (GA) is anunique non-thermal plasma that has relatively high plasma density, power and operating pressure in comparison with other non-equilibrium discharges. It has a dual character of thermal and nonthermal plasma, and can involve relatively high electric powers compared to the corona discharge. It is generated between two metal electrodes with a high velocity gas or gas–liquid fluid flowing between the electrodes. However, for environmental applications like decontamination of air and water pollutants, either corona or DBD is widely tested.DBD configuration has been reported as a promising technique for the removal of air pollutants [33][36-42]. [33][33, 34][33][33, 34]However, majority of the literature deals with treatment of air pollutants. Discharge in water is different to that in air due to differences between the characteristics of water and air[14][14][35]. As stated earlier, plasma generated at air-water interface is known to produce a variety of oxidants that are capable of mineralizing the target organic compounds. Among these oxidants, primary oxidants like ozone, H2O2 are important that may be converted to the secondary oxidants like OH radicals. 1.4. H2O2 production H2O2formation in NTP reactors was reportedwith a variety of feed gases (Ar,O2,air and N2) and interesting observation is that its formation takes place even in the absence of oxygen bubbling[58]. H2O2formation in the water for three model gases followed the order N22.Table 2 summarizes the selected reports that deal with quantitative information on H2O2formation and the corresponding reactions responsible for its formation are summarized below. It may be concluded that the feed gas may affect the formation of oxygen basedreactive species such as OH, O3, O and positive and negative charged ions like †¢O2+,H3O+, †¢O2, †¢O3-.. H2O2 formed by the following reaction (Equations 1-6). 1.5. Ozone production Ozone is yet another oxidant reported that has major applications during NTP abatement of pollutants. The ozone formation and the corresponding reactions of ozone are summarized in Eq. 7-12. Ozone reacts with organic compounds present in wastewater directly via molecular and indirectly through radical type chain reactions. Both reactions may occur simultaneously[35][35]. It is known that ozone reacts with unsaturated functional groups present inorganic molecules, leading the conversion of the pollutant [65]. Sim[35]plified reaction mechanism of ozone in aqueous environment is given in Eq. 8-12. Inaddition, NTP is known toproduce ultra-violet (UV) light due to excited nitrogen molecules present in air [15][33]. Therefore, in aqueous solution, UV light induced dissociation of H2O2 molecules may lead to the formation of hydroxyl radicals(Eq. 13) [66, 67][35]. Eq. 14-17 summarizes the pathway the possibilities in which ozone, H2O2 and UV light may induce the formation of various oxidants that can mineralize the pollutants. Discharges in water may also change the pH of the solution significantly, due to the formation of various inorganic and organic acids[6, 16, 21,68]. The formation of inorganic acids is a result of a series of reactions involving back ground gas like nitrogen, as shown in eq-18 to 23. It has been observed that pH of the solution decreases rapidly due to the formation of water soluble ions. As a result, conductivity of solution also increases significantly. 2. Degradation of a model dye methylene blue A schematic of the reactor used for these experiments are shown in figure X. The electrical discharge was produced in a parallel plane type coaxial NTP-DBD reactor by a high-voltage 0–40 kV AC source transformer (Jayanthi transformers). Quartz is a common material used as a dielectric, due to its excellent dielectric properties and its resistance to ozone. The reactor is a transparent quartz cylinder with an inner diameter of 19 mm and wall thickness of 1.6 mm. Silver paste painted on the outer surface of the quartz tube acts as the outer electrode, whereas a cylindrical stainless steel rod served as the inner electrode. The discharge length was 20 cm and the discharge gap was around 3.5 mm. 2.1. Effect of initial concentration and applied voltage Figure 4 presents the degradation of 100 ppm of a model pollutant methylene blue (MB)as function of time for different voltages at 50 Hz. Increasing voltage favor higher conversion, as conversion of MB improved 91% to 95% on increasing voltage from 14 to 18 kV after 25 min [15]. This may be due to the availability of more energetic electrons at 18 kV that may lead to higher degradation. However, degradation decreases with increasing the initial concentration. At14 kV increasing MB concentration from 50 ppm to 100 ppm decreased the conversion from 97% to 91%.A rapid increase in the degradation was observed during the initial stage of plasma treatment followed by a slow increase, probably due to competition between pollutant molecules and the intermediate products formed during the degradation. 2.2. Effect of discharge gap It is known that performanceof NTP reactors depend on the distance between the electrodes[69]. In order to understand this observation, during MB degradation, the electrode distance was varied between 1.5 to 4.5mm. As seen from the Fig.5, for 100 ppm MB degradation at 18 kV, in 25 min thedegradation reached 86, 89.5, 93.5 and 92%, respectively for 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 mm discharge gap, indicating the optimum discharge gap of 3.5 mm. A similar observation was made by Hao et al. who varied the electrode separation between 10 to 20 mm and after 15 min, the conversion of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) decreasedwith increasing the inter-electrode separation. Approximately 78% conversion of 4-CP was obtained with 10 mm inter-electrode separation that decreased to only 45% with 20 mm. With a relatively larger inter-electrode separation, more energy is required for plasma channel formation, whereas optimum separation may also provide plasma-photochemical effects and subsequently a faster degradation of 4-CP. 2.3. Effect of feed gas Feed gas may also influence the degradation of the pollutants in NTP reactors. In order to understand this, degradation of 100 ppm of MB was followed at 18 kV by bubbling 200 ml/min of O2, argon and air(Fig. 6). As seen in Fig. 6, the MB degradation was 97.4, 53.2 and 93.4 %, respectively for oxygen, argon and air. The highest degradation of MB with oxygen and air may be due to formation of oxygen based active species like OH†¢, O3, O†¢, H2O2 and positive and negative charged ions like †¢O2+, H3O+, †¢O2, †¢O3.This observation is consistent with report by Du et al., for different feed gases, including air, oxygen, nitrogen and argon during the degradation of a dye AO7. The degradation during the plasma treatment is highest for oxygen and least with nitrogenbubbling [62]. 2.4. Effect ofNa2SO4 As explained earlier, electric discharges produce various reactive species. However, these species may not oxidize the pollutant. For example, the direct interaction of ozone with pollutant is may be ruled out. One of the ways of improving the performance is by adding suitable additives like metal oxides, carbon, ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxide, etc that may facilitate the secondary reactions leading to the formation of strong oxidants.Large amounts of sulphate are generally essential in the dye bath for successful dyeing, which results in high concentrations of sulphate discharge in the effluent. To examine the effect of Na2SO4 concentration on decolorization efficiency, 50 mg/L of SO4-2 in 100 ppm MB was prepared. The solution was treated at 16 kV applied voltage and the observed degradation was 97.5% against 93.5 % with plasma alone. The excess SO4-2 may react with the hydroxyl radicals to generate SO4-†¢which is more reactive than hydroxyl radicals. 2.5. Effect of H2O2 and Fe+2addition Many researchers have reported the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and improved performance during the degradation of pollutants in NTP reactors.The prominent reactions with H2O2 may involve the homolytic fission of the O−O bond leading to theformation of reactive hydroxyl radicals with high oxidizing power (2.8 V). These hydroxyl radicals may attacks the organic pollutants to initiate the degradation.Hence presence/addition of H2O2 may increase the concentration of active OH†¢ and thus accelerate the degradation rate. As the present study confirmed the formation of 80 ppm of H2O2, influence of Fe2+was studied by adding 50 mg of ferrous sulphate. The addition of Fe+2 may facilitate the formation of à ¢- OH, à ¢- HO2 ,etc, via the Fenton reaction (Eq. (25)as shown below Addition of Fe2+ shows positive effect on MB degradation (96.5%), where the conversion of 100 ppm MB increased from 96.5% at 16 kV from 93% with plasma approach alone (Fig. 7). 2.6. Effect of metal oxide catalyst Ozone is one of the oxidizing species with high oxidizing power andis one of the important species formed in NTP.However, direct reaction of ozone with pollutant may not be effective and in order to utilize the potentials of ozone, often a catalyst is combined with plasma. In this context, oxygen deficient CeO2 catalysts are beneficial for ozone decomposition due to presence of defect induced vacancies. During the present study, addition of 100 mg of the catalyst to test solution increased the degradation to 99 % from 93.5 % without catalyst at 16 kV. It is reported that the improvement in the degradation efficiency with catalytic plasma approach is due to in situ formation of atomic oxygen that is capable of mineralizing pollutant due to higher oxidation potential (2.42 V) than ozone (2.07 V) [22]. It is known that many of the excited species produced in NTP are short-lived and addition of catalysts may either enhance the life time of short-lived species or/and facilitate the format ion of secondary oxidants. The catalytic decomposition of ozone may be explained as given in the following equations [15, 26]. 2.7. Mineralization of Aqueous Organic Pollutant The degradation of the dyes was followed by TOC (total organic carbon), which is an index of the pollutant concentration in the solution. TOC indicates the degree of mineralization of the target compound. The plasma treatment of dye solutions decreased the TOC with time and Table 1 presents the data on the decrease of TOC under different flow rates and voltages. The decreasing TOC with increasing treatment time indicated that the degraded organic carbon may be converted into CO, CO2 and H2O [26, 51][32]. [32]This accounts for a degradation process of the solute and consequently for the detoxication level of water. The CO, CO2 released during the reaction confirms that some amount of degraded dye was mineralized. However, during the present study, COX analyzer was utilized only for qualitative analysis. Pollutant + plasma (Active species) →CO + CO2 + H2O (35) 2.8. Energy efficiency The degradation efficiency may be better illustrated by the amount of pollutant decomposed per unit of energy (represented as energy yield). The energy yield of the degradation was calculated by using the following relation[15, 17,18], where C is initial pollutant concentration, V is the volume of the solution, degradation (%) is % degradation at time t, P is power and ‘t’ is time. It was observed that as a function of time the energy yield decreases and percent degradation increases. Increasing applied voltage increases the power and decreases the energy yield. Energy Efficiencies reported for plasma discharge processes are given in Table 1. For MB degradation, in presence of CeO2 catalyst and H2O2 the energy yield increased to 46.2 and 51.3 respectively, whereas, for plasma alone the value is 43.1 g/kWh for 100 ppm initial concentration at 16 kV. Feed gases also change the reactor efficiency as well as the energy yield, as with oxygen it is increased to 45.4, whereas, with argon it is only 14.41 g/kWh. 2.9. Degradation Kinetics During the plasma treatment of aqueous organic pollutants it has been observed that concentration of pollutants in solution decreases with time and the degradation followed first order kinetics. The rate constant was calculated based on Eq-7[45, 68, 70,71]. ln(Ct / C0) = –k1t (24) where Ct, C0, and k1, are the concentration of Aqueous Organic Pollutant for a given reaction time, initial concentration, and first-order rate constant (min-1), respectively. 3. Conclusions A DBD-NTP reactor was tested for the degradation of 100 ppm methylene blue. It was observed that the optimum discharge gap was 3.5 mm and addition of hydrogenperoxide improved the performance of the reactor, probably due to the formation of hydroxyl radical via Fenton reactions. Increasing voltage leads to higher conversion, and catalyst addition increased both conversion and mineralization of the dye.

Ku Klux Klan :: essays papers

Ku Klux Klan To my dear parents, I regret to inform you that by the time you are reading this I will have begun my journey west. Times have grown harsh I can no longer bear to live in the shadows of this family’s actions. As I have grown, it has become more difficult for me to deny the actions of daddy and uncle Wesley. While you have done everything you can to raise me in your image, your actions outside of our house have made that impossible. You have imposed your views of racial hatred and prejudice on me for long enough. Now that I am sixteen I am able to see what you really are: scared to lose your job to a colored man who would work twice as hard as you for half the money. The day will come when your actions will comeback to haunt you. As years pass you will realize that your hatred for an innocent race has cost you what could have been a beautiful relationship with your only son. Word of the klan’s latest hate crime has reached me, and I can only assume your involvement. I consider all these events awful random acts of fear and hatred but this one especially perturbed me. People won’t respond to your weak attempts at instilling fear in them. You burn a cross; you kill a cat; while its wrong I can live with it, however when you decide to end the life of another person over a mere four acres of land I can not stand by and say nothing. While the elderly coupled you brutally massacred was nothing but two useless defiant niggers to you, they were friends to me. They were the family that you could never be. They cared about me and did not force me into their beliefs. Everyday while you forced me to slave away my childhood in the grocery store to pay for your acts of bigotry, the Holberts took me in as one of their own. Mr. Holbert began working at the market for almost eight months ago and did amazing work. He was a good man who would never turn down another man in need. That’s much more than I could ever say about you. You and Wesley along with half of Lake City sat around eating your deviled eggs and drinking your lemonade (Ezparsa 2) while two innocent citizens with the same rights as you and I fell victim to a mob of scared white trash.

Essay --

France is considered a very prosperous nation. The prosperity of this nation was mostly from the huge economic changes that were made after the 1940’s. This was because the French government started to modernize the economy. They developed new methods of production and trade through a series of national plans. Although, they still have macroeconomic problems just like every other country. Macroeconomics are economic concepts and theories that apply to the economy as a whole. Macroeconomic problems are issues such as inflation, balance of payments disequilibrium, fluctuations in exchange rates, depreciation in currency, and the decision as to whether a country should have a floating or managed exchange rate. However, France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality. France’s main source of currency is the Euro. As with most countries, France does their best to base their currency off the U.S. Dollar. As of 2011 (World Book Encyclopedia), the Euro was equal with the U.S. Dollar. Unfortunately, since then the value of the Euro has declined over the years. According to the exchange rate, in 2012 it was at .78, and in 2013 it was at .76. This shows that the Euro is depreciating. This follows into the matter of inflation. France has an inflation rate for consumer prices of 1.1% (2014). This apparently went down over the last year as in 2012, it was at 2.2%. Even though, this is relatively low, which is why they are such a prosperous nation. They are especially low when comparing their inflation rate with some countries such as Zimbabwe, who has an inflation rate of 8.5% (2013). Compared to the w... ...g opposed active exchange rate intervention. Hollande then contradicted their point of view by saying â€Å"reform of the international monetary system was indispensable.† He feels that France needs to decide on medium-term exchange rate and act on an international level to protect their own interests. There is the fear in several countries that single currency countries whose efforts to improve their competitiveness could be destroyed by the Euro, which has been rising in value. This fear may soon be put to rest though, as the Euro has had recent strength. The macroeconomic problems in France are relatively minor compared to the ones of other countries. Despite stagnant growth and fiscal challenges, France's borrowing costs have declined in recent years because investors remain attracted to the liquidity of France’s bonds. Thus, they are a fairly strong country.

International Business Essay -- essays research papers

Today’s world of rapid increase in and expansion of technology is the reasons for recent International Business growth. The rapid growth in international business makes an understanding of organizational behavior all the more important for contemporary managers. Businesses have expanded internationally to increase their market share, as the domestic markets were too small to sustain growth. Business transactions are also becoming increasing blurred across national boundaries. Companies engage in international business to expand sales, acquire resources, diversify their sources of sales and supplies, and minimize competitive risk. When operating abroad, companies may have to adjust their usual methods of carrying on business. This is because foreign conditions often dictate a more appropriate method and because the operating modes used for international business differ somewhat from those used on a domestic level. In many ways, then, we are becoming a truly global economy. No longer will a firm be able to insulate it from foreign competitors or opportunities. International business usually takes place in more diverse external environments than found domestically. Businesses worldwide are no longer going International but expanding globally. This fast occurring global expansion of businesses all over the world has been given a new term, it is called international business. As human beings, we encounter risk every day of our lives. As a manager, risk becomes even more importan...

Romulus My Father Notes

Romulus My Father: Values & Belonging Romulus values education and learning, but sadly, only completed primary school. He is a tragic figure from the very beginning: 3: †¦ an inefficient postal service, however, prevented his application [for high school scholarship examinations] from arriving on time. He cried bitterly, not because of lost employment prospects, but because his love of learning would never be fulfilled.Romulus values European landscape – he does not find serenity, and does not belong to the landscape: 14: Though the landscape is one of rare beauty, to a European or English eye it seems desolate, and even after more than forty years my father could not become reconciled to it. He longed for the generous and soft European foliage, but the eucalypts of Baringhup, scraggy except for the noble red gums on the river bank, seemed symbols of deprivation and barrenness. In this he was typical of many of the immigrants whose eyes looked directly to the foliage and always turned away offended. 3: The peppercorns, to be found at almost every settlement in the area, were planted as though to mediate between local and European landscapes. 21: The Frogmore farmhouse is deplorable – it is not homely, or conducive to belonging and comfort: There was no electricity and no running water†¦ Rats lived under the house and occasionally bit us in bed†¦ Hora woke one night to find a large rat tugging at his elbow trying to make off with a piece of flesh. Large brown snakes came to eat the rats†¦Romulus values purposeful work but is belittled by menial labour as a new immigrant: another example of Romulus not belonging to the mediocrity of Australian culture: 16: ‘New Australians’†¦ were almost always given menial manual tasks†¦ In the case of my father, this unusually gifted man was set to work with a pick and shovel. He noted how incompetent some of the Australian tradesmen were, especially the welders, but not with resentment or anger, more with incredulous irony. He had long come to accept what fate ad dealt him and felt not resentment or indignation, or any other response which depended on the assumption that he was owed something better. 29: My father worked shifts at P&N, unable to avoid it because the foreman threatened to sack him if he did not do so. As a consequence, I spent many nights alone at Frogmore. Romulus values fatherhood. He has a nobility about him: 17: He and Hora worked alternate shifts so that one of them could always care for me. At his request, my father was transferred to a job cleaning the lavatories in the camp so that he could be near me. 4: Primitive though the house was, it made it possible for my father to keep me rather than to send me to a home, and it offered hope that our family might be reunited. 31: My father’s devoted care of me contrasted obviously with her neglect, and fuelled hostility toward her. Romulus values intimacy and his marriage and is crushed at Christine’s infidelity: 19: My father must have been heartbroken by his unfathomable, troubled, vivacious and unfaithful wife. Romulus values character: 101: Character – or karacter†¦ was the central moral concept for my father and Hora.It stood for a settled disposition for which it was possible rightly to admire someone†¦ Honesty, loyalty, courage, charity (taken as a preparedness to help others in need) and a capacity for hard work were the virtues most prized by the men and women I knew then. Romulus believes that life is short and full of suffering: 121: His sense of life is beautifully expressed in the ‘Prayer for the Dead’: ‘Man that is born of woman hath but a short time to live and is full of misery. He cometh up and is cut like a flower. He fleeth as it were a shadow and never continueth in one stay’.Those accents of sorrow and pity determined his sense of all other human beings as his fellow mortals, victims of fate and destined for suffering. They determined the quality of his deeply felt compassion in which all moral judgements were embedded. 172: Suffering ennobles†¦ Some kinds of wisdom, however, the kinds that show themselves not only in thoughts, but in the integrity of an authoritatively lived life – are given only to those who have suffered deep and long. His affliction gave authority to much of what my father said etcRomulus’ moral code – his sense of what is real and important was shattered after Lydia’s letter of rejection: 122: Only someone with an extraordinary sense of the reality of the ethical could be so shaken by a sense of evil, and my father was such a person. Vacek’s institutionalisation shows the danger of conformity: 143: †¦ police took him to the Ballarat psychiatric hospital†¦ over time he became dependent on institutional living so that, even when he was free to leave, he preferred to stay, and remained there f or the rest of his life.Here is an argument against belonging – belonging becomes a prison. Hora & Romulus enjoyed an enduring friendship†¦ Romulus remained a noble, heroic man despite his illness: 146: Hora knew that, despite his illness, there was still no one who remained as steadfast as my father in his disdain of superficialities, in his honesty and in his concern for others. Romulus believes in keeping one’s word at all costs – he pays for Lydia’s family to migrate: 149: Their fares were paid not by Lydia and her husband, but by my father.He had promised to do it years before, and it was inconceivable that he would go back on his word whatever Lydia had done to him and irrespective of whether her mother and her brother had been accomplices in her deception. Romulus values the truth and absolute honesty Romulus values being polite: 138: My father said that we should wait until a more suitable time before knocking at their door. This courtesy str uck me as incongruous with our purpose. Finish what you start – changing direction signifies an instability and weakness in character: 157: My father refused to let me go [to Melbourne High School].He said that I had started at St Patrick’s and so should finish†¦ For years†¦ he insisted that I had made the wrong decision†¦ because I had not finished what I started. Hora (like Romulus) detests moral shallowness. After an argument between Raimond and Hora about communism, Hora refused to speak to Raimond: 159: He knew that I knew how many millions had perished under communism, for he had often told me. Given that I knew, how could I not care? But how could I claim to care if I treated it all so lightly?If I was now such a morally shallow person, what could he say to me? How could he speak to me of anything that mattered? These questions cut into his heart, for he loved me. For his the pleasure of talking even about trivial matters depended on his knowing t hat the person with whom he was speaking was one whose responses could be trusted to be serious and decent. Romulus does not believe in traditional gender roles, he believes in doing what must be done: 163: The division he knew from his childhood between women’s and men’s work, played little role in his life.He sewed, cooked and baked, teaching Milka how to make strudel with their own pastry, doughnuts and other things. Romulus values compassion, generosity and care†¦ his commitment is almost religious: 165: Compassion went unusually deep in my father. It showed itself all his life in the help he gave those in need and in the pain he visibly felt for their pain. He was literally incapable of not helping someone genuinely in need if he had the means to do so. 165: More often than not my father’s generosity was abused, and although it pained him it did not diminish his impulse to give. 68: He had no interest in doctrine. At the centre of his religious sensibi lity was the idea of a pure heart responsive to those in need. 169: His sense of our deep need for prayer was the expression of his belief that only a life of prayer could enable one to consent to great and protracted misfortune and for that consent to go sufficiently deep to save one from despair. Romulus values European culture: he is in the prison of Anglo society, craving European conviviality: 169: He longed for European society, saying that he felt like a ‘prisoner’ in Australia.He meant that, although he had good neighbours, in Maryborough he had almost no one with whom he could enjoy the generous and open forms of conviviality that characterised European hospitality as he knew it. He complained that one could not just drop in on Australians and talk freely for hours: one had, as he put it, always ‘to make an appointment’. Whereas if you went to a European home, you would generally be offered food and talk, both in generous quantities. Romulus believ es that conversation is humanising: 23: All conversation which meant all living, occurred in the kitchen 73: He believed that it was essential to decent conversation that one not pretend to virtues one did not possess – as essential as being truthful about one’s identity. Only then could conversation be true to its deeper potentialities and do its humanising work or opening up the possibilities of authentic human disclosure. Romulus values a life governed by necessity, and work is the ultimate necessity: 194: Although†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. e and Hora were inclined to believe that depth and real contentmen t were to be found only in a life governed by necessity. Wisdom they believed, lay in consent to that necessity. Superficiality and restlessness were in store for those who fled it. See also: incident with Mikkelsen Delivering groceries by carrying them on his back Miscellaneous: Relationships – or belonging and connectedness to another human being – is destructive. 137: Mitru’s suicide and my father’s madness had convinced me that sexual love was a passion whose force and nature was mysterious, and that anyone that came under its sway should be prepared to be destroyed by it.Its capacity to wreck lives, to humiliate otherwise strong and proud people and to drive them to suicide was already familiar to me. That it should also drive them to murder was part of the same story. Christine: 25: A troubled city girl from Central Europe, she could not settle in a dilapidated farmhouse in a landscape that highlighted her isolation. She longed for company. 31: Desp erately lonely, she was glad of any conversation that came her way. 31: Mikkelsen remembered her vividly†¦ he had the arresting presence of someone who experienced the world with a thoughtful intensity. 103: But for someone like my mother, highly intelligent, deeply sensuous, anarchic and unstable, this emphasis on character, given an Australian accent, provided the wrong conceptual environment for her to find herself and for others to understand her. p. 28: Setting fire to kill snake -> humiliation and ridicule in local paper. p. 29: Redemption by valiant intelligence in saving Mikkelson

Millers exploration of the American Dream in Death of A Salesman Essay

In the light of well-lightedtle opinions discuss millers geographic expedition of the Ameri tin trance in terminal of A Sales macrocosm in relation back to the characters of Willy and jab Loman. Focus upon the appraisals of triumph and adversity indoors the American imagine in relation to Millers portrayal of Willys idolisation of pull and the effect this has on gargets sustenance.The term The American pipe dream by its precise reputation is an un graphic phrase. The use of the word envisage reflects the position that although it is an aspirational image it may non actu any in e precise(prenominal)y be chance upond by the volume of the American population. Some may entreat that it is a fantasy born of a system, which aims to exploit the disenfranchised nameing great deal of America. In his critique of close of A Salesman Leonard Moss states Is he (Miller) non attacking in short, a system that is ge ared to exploit the gross man?? There are clear i nstances within the evasive action where the writer suggests it is out(predicate) for Willy to achieve the inhalation. Although the concept of the American dreaming is thought to result in equality amongst a nation of immigrants, it may be digd as organism dictatorial. This is because it is utter Americans how to perish their lives and although one objective of the American Dream may be to achieve freedom, it may in actual fact be oppressing those in quest of it.The American Dream is explored done with(predicate)out Death of A Salesman. Willy deludes himself into thinking that the American Dream is subdued to obtain and go forth result in success for him. He believes that it will all come to him easily and that he is deserving of it. precisely realistically, he pins his applys on the American Dream so practically that it is the undercoat behind his demise. Willys faith in the American Dream remains substantial although his suffer son confronts him with reality b y saying Will you strickle that dream and burn it before something happens? (Page 102 achievement 2). As one critic states, the revive romanticizes the rural-agarian dream unless does not cave in it in the true available to Willy?.This implies that the American Dream has a purpose to lure Americans into a out of true sense of security believing that they can achieve the American Dream and fiscal success. This can be seen in the t barricadeer as Willy fully believes in the concept of the American Dream but he doesnt convey any hope of achieving it. The play focuses on the American Dream and emphasizes what is perceived as success. biff describes his need to work in the country and be free We dont go bad in this nut suffer of a urban center We should be mixing cement on some open plain (Page 43 execute 1) whereas Willys perception of success b lose markets him to believe that he will mechanically receive fame and mint through commercial success. In demarcation line carrier bag wishes to live a simple lifespan deal that of the pioneer figure in the American Dream myth.This brings us to ask an other(prenominal) question What can be delineate as success in the American Dream? For some it could mean that steadfastly work and endurance results in financial security, acceptance and quality. The idea of success is rattling ambiguous as it could mystify unlike meanings to the idiosyncratics who want to achieve it as their lives are soulfulness to them. The whole life of the Loman family is dominated by this mans idea of success?. Willy is in constant pursuit of the American Dream.Willy believes as long as he appears confident he will be like by other people and that they will be purchasing into him as opposed to his products Because the man who discharges an manner in the business world, the man who creates personalised interest, is the man who gets ahead (Page 20 Act 1). He bases his work ethic on a palmy salesman who had many people come to his funeral as he was very popular. However, at Willys funeral, he proves to be al or so entirely friendless. Willy has deluded himself into thinking that he is so popular and well liked but it is suggested that self interest in golf club prevents emotional attachments.A pick out representative of success is Ben. Willy is living in Bens shadow as he is the successful brother. He had the opportunity to go to Alaska with Ben but declined to stay in America. Ben was pull up stakes of a team that discovered diamonds in the jungle and consequently earnt a fortune from this. punch wants to soul search and escort his place in society, but at the age of 34 he has not yet done so. Although, as a child, thrusting appears to be popular and successful he finds that he cannot conform to society and is still trying to find someplace he fits in. Biff challenges his returns expectations of him by asking Why am I trying to become what I dont want to be? (Page 99 Act 2). Miller is p erchance suggesting that economic instability results in the repression of individuality.Willy pins all his hopes on Biff. Willy Loman suddenly sees how deeply his own son could care for him. This discovery pushes him to the final extreme of his illusion, crying out That son that boy is going to be vivid and Ben, hell worship me for it?. He spy the potential in Biff and therefore begins to live his failed dreams through Biff. He puts a lot of pressure on Biff to succeed. This damages their relationship and may alike fuck off resulted in Biffs kleptomaniac tendencies (possibly a subscribe of rebellion). Biff initially appears to be the all American boy who is capable of achieving the American Dream but the play shows how the most promising of people can at long last turn out to be secret code in lifeRichard J. Foster states Biff, who in the play as an amplification of watching of Willys problems, has been nurtured on Willys dreams too. But he has been superpowerd to see the uprightness?. Willy idolised Biff when he was a child as he seemingly had everything and the potential in life to succeed. Willy tries to make himself a better person by making Biff successful. Subconsciously, Willy has realised that he has failed in life and will not achieve the American Dream, yet he fails to publically admit this some(prenominal) to himself and his family. Biff is able to see that neither he nor Willy can achieve the American Dream and tries to let Willy know this indirectly Biff realizes Willy had the wrong dreams. In accepting the truth about his begetter, Biff is able to make a decision about his forthcoming based on a realistic view of his capabilities?. He rebels from his comes ideals of success and ways of life and this could workable be a way in which he is trying to tell his father that they cannot achieve the American Dream.The theme of dogmatic support among father and son is explored in the play. The character of Willy Loman is the the lit tle salesman with a pathetic belief in his slimed son?. As Willy is living his dreams through Biff, his love for Biff is great. He is will to do whatever it takes to get Biff to accomplish something in life. When Biff is helplessness in Maths, Willy encourages him to cheat, and this establishs the lengths that Willy would go to, to help Biff. Thats because he likes you. If somebody else took that ball thered be an uproar (Page 17 Act 1). Willy almost encourages Biffs bad behaviour and excuses it because of his popularity. Willys father odd him when he was a child.Moreover, he left no money or legacy to be get goinged onto Willy and Ben. This may have been the point in Willys life in which he began to suffer a social injustice as he felt determined to make something of himself to pass onto further generations to free them from the hardship that he suffered. As Willy does not achieve this Biff is his last hope of having success associated with him. Because his father left him as a child with nothing, he is determined to get Biff to achieve something so that the Loman name is held with last regard. The name Loman is somewhat ironic as its individual components are low-man. This is significant in the play as it re displays the common man and someone of low status who may be stereotyped as being unsuccessful in life and will amount to nothing.The lack of success and achievements in Willys life have resulted in shifts among the historic and present in his take heed. The shifts between past and present construe a time when Willys life was promising and the American Dream was attainable. They also symbolize the irrational state of Willys mind. He is stuck in the past as it comforts him in times of trouble. He reminisces over, what seemed to be, his prime as both a salesman and a father. When the play is performed, it appears to be very rational and realistic when Willy walks through a wall for example, and this signifies how real these shifts are in Willys mind. They show the irrational cordial state of Willy. Willy is confused about where he is going in life and his mind is in a state of confusion.The shifts between past and present may render his inability to cope with his life in the present and moreover may be a way for him to escape his troubles in the present day. Willy is the dreamy salesman whose imagination is much larger than his sales ability? and this relates to the shifts between past and present. His imagination may lead him to a world in which he has no fears and feels that his life is fulfilling. In contrast to this, the language he uses is very simplistic.Willy expresses himself through statements and clichs that are repeated so frequently that they border on categoric with one example being Ill make it all up to you Linda, Ill - (Page 25, Act 1) The shifts also reveal the truth, which is not distorted by Willys perceptions of events. This is a describe aspect in the play as the rest of the play is influenced by W illy or Biffs take on events. The shifts between past and present are an example of expressionism in which Miller explores the psychological state of Willy.A number of subjects are present in the play which are used to represent American materialism. One of which are the stockings. When Willy has a flashback into the past he is with The Woman who he has bought young stockings for. However, in the present Linda is mending her stockings. This epitomizes Willys inability to provide for his family. An additional motif demonstrating the same point is the fridge. The use of both of these points shows that Willy has been stripped of his masculinity.The champagne flute glass is used super effectively as an expressionist pull in Death of A Salesman. It expresses the temper of the play at a incident moment. At the start of the play A melody is heard, played upon a flute (Page 1 Act 1). The flute gives a feeling of spring and optimism, generally a joyous tone. There is a lancinating contrast between the innocence of the initial melody and the description of Willys house which is overshadowed by an angry glow of orangish (Page 1, Act 1).The flute is significant in the play as it focuses on stages in Willys life and notifies the audience of the disposition of the scene. The audience is informed that Willys get rid of father played the flute and at this point new music is heard, a high rollicking tune. This mogul imply that Willys father was a happy go lucky salesman and it lays focus on the fact that Willy is not, adding to his many insecurities. The flute is quite sombre/sinister towards the end of the play. Willy commits suicide as the car speeds moody the music crashes down in a frenzy of sound which becomes the soft caprice of a single cello concatenation (Page 105, Act 2).The final concept to enumerate is failure in the American Dream. Is the individual or the system to blame for the failure of the American Dream? It could be argued that if the indi vidual is gullible enough to be taken in by the American Dream, they have no-one to blame but themselves if they fail. Failure in the American Dream may represent the naivety of the American population. The system is not the one to blame Willy can tho when blame himself for not becoming what he wanted to be?. This supports the idea that the American Dream exists but it can only be achieved if the individual adapts the American Dream to their life and is willing to work hard to achieve it.Denial plays a key part in Willys lack of success in achieving the American Dream. He refuses to acknowledge that he is a failure. An example of this in the play is where Willy says that hell corrupt a new tape recording machine (like the one Howard has) even though he is fully aware that he has no money to pay for it. The Lomans have unrealistic ideas of success.To Willy, the foundation of success is not education or hard work but rather who you know and the make a face on your face?. Willy i s a regal man who doesnt want others to perceive him as a failure, as this would force him to confront reality, whereas he prefers to live in a world where he conceals his problems and keeps a false pretence that everything is fine. Biff, like Willy, ignores aspects of reality that do not fit in with his ideals Youre a youre an dreamer (Page 11 Act 1). Some may argue that the system is to blame but ultimately he creates his own destiny. creed in the system motivated him throughout his life but towards the end it left him tired to the death (Page 2 Act 1)Reference List.? ? ? ? Craig M. Garrison The System and the American Dream * conclusion OFA Salesman* (Online) http//playwrites.net/salesman1.html? ? Bamber Gascoigne (1962) twentieth Century Drama. Hutchinson &Co.? ? K. Linderholm (1995) The American Dream. (Online)http//members.aol.com/sunny2345/salesman.html Accessed 01/12/2005? Leonard Moss (1980) Arthur Miller. outline press out from the preface(Online) * J.C. Trewin (Engli sh Reviewer) Drama. Winter, 1949BibliographySpark Notes (Online) http//www.sparknotes.com/lit/salesman/Garrison, M. Craig The System and the American Dream *DEATH OFA Salesman* (Online) http//playwrites.net/salesman1.htmlGascoigne, Bamber (1962) Twentieth Century Drama. Hutchinson &Co.Linderholm, K (1995) The American Dream. (Online)http//members.aol.com/sunny2345/salesman.html Accessed 01/12/2005Moss, Leonard (1980) Arthur Miller. Brief excerpt from the preface(Online) http//www.writing.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/miller-into.htmlTrewin , J.C. (English Reviewer) Drama. Winter, 1949Carson, Neil. (1982) Arthur Miller. Macmillan Modern Dramatists. Chapter 4 Death of A Salesman, pp.44-59Wikipedia (Online) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesmanhttp//www.bellmore-merrick.k12.ny.us/death.htmlMiller, Arthur (1958) From the Introduction to Collected Plays. Pp. 22-37