Human Trafficking and the Tvpa

Falling in a Gray Area: Human Trafficking Victims and When to Treat Them as Human Beings Though slavery has continuously existed in some form throughout history, it has only been in the past century and a half or so that humanity has legally acknowledged that the idea of owning another person is unjust. This relatively new legal conscience has become apparent in the various laws banning the validity that a person can be property, an object.However, these laws have not eradicated slavery, as is seen by the scores of young men and women rescued from this particular brand of evil each year. In 2000, Congress attempted to address a modernized version of slavery, human trafficking, by creating a new act, called the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, also known as the TVPA. â€Å"Unfortunately, there is almost universal consensus that the Trafficking Act, while well-intentioned, has thus far failed to make sufficient strides in addressing the problem of human trafficking, either internat ionally or domestically† (Chacon: 2006, 2978).Though catching the perpetrators responsible for creating completely broken trafficking victims is of the highest importance, that justice should not come at the cost of further punishing those victims, as happens sometimes as a result of the TVPA. This paper examines the TVPA, highlighting which groups are left unacknowledged, how victims are left unprotected, and offers possible solutions for changes so these young men and women have a chance to make a better life than that which has been given them. In this realm of international organized crime, perception is everything, and that is emphasized throughout these explanations.Before delving into laws dealing with human trafficking, effective or ineffective, and the issues surrounding it, one must first get an overview of sex trafficking, and how this is related to immigration. Human trafficking is the â€Å"recruitment and transportation of a person for the purpose of exploitatio n† (Raffaelli), any kind of movement of people where there is a victim who feels helpless and is manipulated, and an offender profits from the victim feeling this way, to a degree that the victim feels going to authorities will not solve anything.A subset of human trafficking is sex trafficking. Sex trafficking is human trafficking, with the added component that the victim is â€Å"trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation,† (Raffaelli) overwhelmingly against the victim’s will. Another subset of human trafficking is slave labor, where the victim is used as a slave to makes goods or to provide services not of a sexual nature. â€Å"In each case [of human trafficking] the victim perceives himself or herself as defenseless, perceives a lack of support from U. S. uthorities and, thus, never attempts to report the abuse to law enforcement† (McCabe 2). Perception is already important because the victim perceives that law enforcement will not help them, a nd that resistance is useless. The TVPA of 2000 focuses mainly on sex trafficking rather than human trafficking as a whole, due to the fact that this form of trafficking leaves a victim completely broken because of the tactics used by traffickers. Traffickers promise their victims, usually young women, a good life in America.Once in America, all forms, papers, and visas to show a legal presence are taken away from the victims, and the traffickers begin the slow process of breaking the victims down by a vicious cycle of rape, threats, and physical and verbal abuse. Before the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, most US Legislation dealing with human and sex trafficking focused on curtailing immigration, and punishing trafficking victims as prostitutes. Trafficking victims had no protection, only fear, persecution, dislocation, and the high chance of criminal charges and deportation.Because traffickers take away all forms of identification, papers, and visas, victims would be viewed as illegal immigrants, and treated as such. At that time, the only legislative body fighting for the victims was the United Nations (UN). The UN was the driving force behind global reform for trafficking, acknowledging that human trafficking was and is a global problem, and a country like the United States viewing trafficking as a domestic problem would only create loopholes for the traffickers. Within the first couple pages, the TVPA has already, despite how unknowing, excluded a portion of the victims of sex trafficking.The act has a second, smaller bill written in, called the Violence Against Women Act of 2000. Portraying only women as victims is not only sexist and simple minded, but dangerous as well. â€Å"Traffickers primarily target women and girls† (22 USC Sec. 102(b)(1)). If young men do not entertain the possibility that they themselves could become victims, their arrogance could be what ensures their victimization. â€Å"Men and boys who are sexually explo ited must come to terms with not only the physical and emotional trauma of repeated rape and abuse, but their own conflicted sexuality and masculinity afterwards.Amanda Kloer, anti-trafficking activist, writes that this added stigma prevents them from coming forward and seeking assistance, which further compounds the problem of a lack of information regarding the exploitation of men† (Clymer). Though going into the stigma of lacking masculinity is off topic, it is worth stating that these ideals have only perpetuated the violence, and therefore victimization, against both men and women. Certain men believe that to be masculine, he must show strength, which sometimes includes beating his wife.If a man’s strength, aka that which makes him masculine, is seemingly stripped from him, he is to be shunned and his failure is to be made an example to others who would attempt to ignore this rule of society. Perception is highly important when it comes to stopping human traffickin g. When the TVPA starts compounding with U. S. immigration law to mess with the mind picture the average American has of human trafficking, criminal activity that could be stopped is completely missed, with many Americans not realizing what has happened.Another group of victims not acknowledged under the TVPA are those that entered the country willingly, maybe even legally. This is usually considered human smuggling, and is therefore not seen as equivalent with human trafficking. â€Å"The journey may begin in the same way. Some trafficking victims begin their journey in an act of smuggling, as they freely undertake a decision to pay someone to assist them in crossing the border into the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chacon: 2006, 2986).These people are voluntary migrants who usually, after entering the United States, find themselves in a situation, working under certain conditions for which their consent was never given. Dealing with consent in the TVPA is more like a dance than an outright statement: â€Å"†¦the TVPA makes no specific provisions concerning the role of victim consent. It is an open question under the TVPA whether the consent of the individual to some element of the act of trafficking obviates the conclusion that the individual is a victim of a ‘severe form of trafficking’† (Chacon: 2006, 2984-2985).It would seem as though much of this act would depend upon whether consent was given, but upon closer inspection, that is a ridiculous statement. No one, except possibly a person who is drastically mentally ill, would willingly consent to being a victim of sex trafficking. If you are acknowledged as a victim by the TVPA, the act will then attempt to extend protection to you. If the victims of human trafficking feel safe and cared for, those victims are more likely to become witnesses that have the potential to send away their victimizers for life, or at least the next twenty years.Foreign victims that qualify for this prote ction are eligible to ‘special services’ under the Attorney General Guidelines for Victim and Witness Assistance, 2005. Article IX deals with the extra care and assistance granted to victims of human trafficking. They are usually given necessary medical care, measures to protect them from their victimizers, direction to legal services, translation services, and immigration benefits. The immigration benefits usually end in multiple-year visas, such and the T and U visas.Of course, just because a victim is officially recognized as such does not mean that person is inherently due protection and relief. â€Å"Much of the literature diagnosing the domestic shortcomings of the TVPA focuses upon the legal barriers to relief that are encountered by trafficking victims in the United States. The proposed solutions focus on improving the identification and assistance of trafficking victims†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chacon: 2006, 2979). One of the greatest shortcomings of the TVPA is that as sistance to trafficking victims is greatly limited.There are three basic contingencies as to whether an adult trafficking victim will receive aid from the United States government. These three contingencies apply to foreign adult victims of trafficking. The first is if the victim has been subject to the TVPA’s definition of a severe form of trafficking. â€Å"The services are available to a person who meets the definition of a victim of a severe form of trafficking, without regard to whether an indictment is eventually filed, or whether any indictment that is filed includes trafficking statutes† (Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center 9).Understanding that requires a look back at the law’s definition of â€Å"severe trafficking. † Severe trafficking is a form of sex trafficking in which â€Å"a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not yet attained 18 years of age†¦through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery† (22 USC Sec. 103(8)(A-B)). Debt bondage is the most common of these, as it is the easiest to commit.A smuggler agrees to smuggle a family or individual to America, but once in America, the smuggler explains that the price unexpectedly went up, and the family or individual must now work off their debt. This degree of human trafficking â€Å"automatically includes all persons under eighteen who are forced into sex acts, but the blanket protection of children extends no further† (Chacon: 2006, 2985). The second is connected to the victim’s immigration status, which is a reference to the fact that the vast majority of human trafficking victims in the United States are foreigners that were either brought to the U.S. against their will, or came willingly under a completely different pretext. If the latter is true, it’s more than likely that all the victim’s papers are in the hands of the perpetrators, and their visa probably expired. The third contingency is the victim’s willingness to assist law enforcement to ensure that human traffickers are properly and swiftly brought to justice. If an adult victim complies with all three criteria, then that person qualifies for the protections previously mentioned. Dealing directly with perception, â€Å"†¦U. S. aw and policy actually facilitate the trafficking of human beings into and within the United States† (Misery and Myopia 2979). U. S. immigration policy not only allows this to happen, but compliments human trafficking in such a way that the evil perfection is eerie. Most of the U. S. Immigration policy is based upon the perception that foreigners are bad and evil, while native United States citizens are good and just. Vast oversimplifications such as this are more dangerous than anything else, and will only perpetuate a cycle of violence.Mos t Americans do not realize that human and sex trafficking is not just a foreign thing that happens in the red light district of Cambodia, or India, or in Eastern European nations. Though human trafficking does happen in those places, it also is taking place in the United States everyday. â€Å"The image of trafficking as a foreign evil perpetrated by minorities and migrants has at least two collateral effects that actually complicate rather than complement antitrafficking efforts† (Chacon: 2010, 1631). One of the many possible solutions to help better these laws is to not only focus on the end result of sex trafficking, i. . a satisfied client and the traffickers being paid, but on how the situation has evolved to that point, i. e. the manipulation and coercion of young men and women into a lifestyle of being victimized. â€Å"To truly address all forms of human trafficking, state criminal laws must shift the focus from what type of labor or services trafficking victims are forced to perform and the relative merits of that work and exploitation to the exploitative actions traffickers use to gain and maintain control over their victims† (Barnhart 130).Domestically speaking, many perpetrators, or ‘pimps,’ go through a process of grooming their victims to become unwilling prostitutes. This usually takes several months, and involves emotional manipulation. Though this process is nigh on impossible to catch when dealing with international human trafficking, it is nonetheless an important process. Many human traffickers have specific areas from which they pick their victims. These areas are usually at or below the poverty line, as young men and women with tall dreams and no money are easy to manipulate, and most in the neighborhood would assume the victim ran away.If local law enforcement officials in those areas are trained to recognize this process of grooming, international human trafficking will suffer. This specifically has been somew hat addressed in an amendment from 2007, where the U. S. Department of State spoke to the other countries of the world to set forth minimum standards to properly eliminate human trafficking around the globe. Though these standards are not nearly as high as they ought to be, the standards are a step in the right direction.These standards give hope that this paper will be completely proven wrong within the next few years. Though it is interesting that the U. S. Department of State require of other countries something which it has not yet achieved: â€Å"†¦whether the government of the country protects victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons†¦and ensures that victims are not inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized solely for unlawful acts as a direct result of being trafficked† (Trafficking in Persons Report).Another solution is not law-based, but anthropologically based. Most Americans stubbornly refuse to believe that sex trafficking is happening within America, domestic or internationally. If the average American were to look at the average busy street corner in a large city, the average American would not be looking for victims, but instead would be looking for reasons to judge the women parading their bodies. Some of those women, on that street corner, would be trafficking victims.The more aware the average American is on this issue that immigrants are very likely victims of human and sex trafficking, the faster perceptions will change as to who is ‘good’ or ‘bad’ in the issue of immigration. Criminalization of immigrants, handled spectacularly by current immigration policy, will only serve to further exacerbate the problem with mistreating victims of human trafficking. The problem seems to be not thinking of immigrants as humans. Treatment of migrants is†¦increasingly dichotomous: either a noncitizen qualifies as a trafficking victim†¦or the noncitizen is a smuggled migrantâ € ¦If the individual falls in a gray area—between an outright victim of â€Å"severe† trafficking and a smuggled migrant who is subject of everyday forms of labor exploitation—the government’s approach has been to treat the gray-area case as one involving a voluntary migrant who is not eligible for the protections available to trafficking victims† (Chacon: 2010, 1635).This is simply untrue, and these victims do not deserve such treatment. The vast majority of victimized immigrants fall in this grey area, causing further victimization by a legal system that was designed to protect the innocent, and bring their oppressors to justice. Further legislation must properly provide for the victims in the gray areas, and deliver appropriate protection to ensure the victim’s future well being.Though the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 has had improvements in the past twelve years, at its foundation lies an act that fails to adequately ackno wledge and protect the victims of sex trafficking. There have been alterations and additions to the TVPA since 2000 which has addressed a few of the issues outlined in this paper. Progress has been made, continues to be made, and there is definite hope that after a short time, human and sex trafficking will no longer be able to hide in the shadows that so greatly inhibits its detection.However, this act, as well as most law enforcement and legislators, fails to acknowledge that perception is everything when dealing with human trafficking. The right perception is important to keep as many people from becoming victims as possible and to ensure that an anti-immigrant sentiment is not perpetuated unnecessarily. Works Cited Barnhart, Melynda H. â€Å"Sex and Slavery: An Analysis of Three Models of State Human Trafficking Legislations. † 16 Wm. & Mary J. Women & L. 83 (2009).Web. 6 Mar. 2012. . Clymer, Beth. â€Å"Why Human Trafficking Is a Men's Issue. †Ã‚  Meet Justice. Me etjustice. org, 25 May 2011. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. . Chacon, Jennifer M. â€Å"Misery and Myopia: Understanding the Failures of U. S. Efforts to Stop Human Trafficking. † Fordham Law Review. 74 Fordham L. Rev. 2977 (2006), 1 Jan. 2006.Web. 6 Mar. 2012. . Chacon, Jennifer M. â€Å"Tensions and Trade-offs: Protecting Trafficking Victims in the Era of Immigration Enforcement. †Ã‚  University of Pennsylvania Law Review  158. 6 (2010): 1609-653. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Web. 6 Mar. 2012. . Human Smuggling and

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riters. The reason for this is because writers usually think of new interesting articles that will leave something to readers and will make an impression for them in order to become historical figures. I also feel they decided to become writers because of their upbringing and their beliefs which were implicit in their judgments. The main key to becoming individuals is to look at ourselves honestly and objectively (Vincent Ryan Ruggiero 2009). This takes courage because it often involves abandoning wishful thinking and destroying cherished illusions about ourselves (Vincent Ryan Ruggiero 2009). So with this in mind I think they did this when they decided to become writers during their time. 5. In this class, we have discused common habits that hinder critical thinking. Which of these habits may have been a factor in how Samuel Adams and Thomas Hutchinson viewed the issues that led to the Boston Tea Party? How could they have overcome those habits? Some of the common habits that hinder critical thinking which may have been a factor in how Samuel Adams and Thomas Hutchinson viewed the issue that led to the Boston Tea Party are the mine is better and the face saving habits. The mine is better habit is a habit that is hard to break. It basically speaks for itself. So they may have thought that their view of the Boston Tea Party was better than anyone else’s. Then you have the face saving habits which like the mine is better habit, face saving habit is a natural tendency arising from our ego. This usually occurs after we have said or done something that threatens to disturb our self image or the image others have of us (Vincent Ryan Ruggiero 2009). This is better know as the defense mechanism, meaning it is a strategy used to protect our image. This would be why they would have used this form of habit when critically thinking. Another common habit they may have used is resistance to change. Resistance to change is the tendency to reject new ideas and new ways of seeing or doing without examining them fairly. They may have used this in hindering their decision on how to write about the Boston Tea Party. 6. What is one important distinction you could not overlook making when critically evaluating the information provided in these materials about the Boston Tea Party? Clarify the importance of that distinction. 7. What strategies of critical reading, listening, and viewing did you utilize when evaluating the provided materials? 8. Considering what you have learned about the Boston Tea Party, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Hutchinson, apply your creativity to describe what could have been done proactively to avoid the incident. Hum111 riters. The reason for this is because writers usually think of new interesting articles that will leave something to readers and will make an impression for them in order to become historical figures. I also feel they decided to become writers because of their upbringing and their beliefs which were implicit in their judgments. The main key to becoming individuals is to look at ourselves honestly and objectively (Vincent Ryan Ruggiero 2009). This takes courage because it often involves abandoning wishful thinking and destroying cherished illusions about ourselves (Vincent Ryan Ruggiero 2009). So with this in mind I think they did this when they decided to become writers during their time. 5. In this class, we have discused common habits that hinder critical thinking. Which of these habits may have been a factor in how Samuel Adams and Thomas Hutchinson viewed the issues that led to the Boston Tea Party? How could they have overcome those habits? Some of the common habits that hinder critical thinking which may have been a factor in how Samuel Adams and Thomas Hutchinson viewed the issue that led to the Boston Tea Party are the mine is better and the face saving habits. The mine is better habit is a habit that is hard to break. It basically speaks for itself. So they may have thought that their view of the Boston Tea Party was better than anyone else’s. Then you have the face saving habits which like the mine is better habit, face saving habit is a natural tendency arising from our ego. This usually occurs after we have said or done something that threatens to disturb our self image or the image others have of us (Vincent Ryan Ruggiero 2009). This is better know as the defense mechanism, meaning it is a strategy used to protect our image. This would be why they would have used this form of habit when critically thinking. Another common habit they may have used is resistance to change. Resistance to change is the tendency to reject new ideas and new ways of seeing or doing without examining them fairly. They may have used this in hindering their decision on how to write about the Boston Tea Party. 6. What is one important distinction you could not overlook making when critically evaluating the information provided in these materials about the Boston Tea Party? Clarify the importance of that distinction. 7. What strategies of critical reading, listening, and viewing did you utilize when evaluating the provided materials? 8. Considering what you have learned about the Boston Tea Party, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Hutchinson, apply your creativity to describe what could have been done proactively to avoid the incident.

Carsales for International Journal of Management help

Car and bikes have become the lifeline for the peoples in the cities, especially in Australia. It is seen that that the number of the cars per house is approximately 2 or more. But where these cars comes from and how the people get it, the answer is the carsales.com. Also known as the ASX: CAR is one of the largest online automobile selling organisation. IT deals with cars, bikes, supercars and marine automobiles. The organisation structure has not only attracted a huge number of the customers in the Australia but also all over the world. It has many of the subsiders which all together have more than 600 employees (Kane et al. 2015). The organisation not only deals with the automobiles but also helps the customer by providing proper and world class equipment’s for the automobiles. This paper is about the nature of the business that the organisation does and how it beneficial for the customers. Also this paper includes the governance structure of the organisation and the police s of the origination. The paper also provides a brief about the risks that the organisation faces in the modern generation time (Bower 2018). The roles of the corporate officers are also part of the paper which deals with the work that the officers does and their work affects the working of the organisation. Further that how the organisations works with the risk management also reflects in this paper. One of the major thing that is to be considered while selling automobiles, the governance policy is also on of the major aspect , this paper highlight the regulatory requirements that helps the organisation for the work of regulatory requirements of the organisation. Also the IS systems and the IT management issues are also highlighted. The carsales.com is one of the leading automobile selling industry in the Australia. The entire business of the organisation runs in the online platform that is it uses the information technology for the business enhancement (Leite et al. 2015). The work of the industry is very simple, that is it has created and platform though which the users can search for the cars or bike or truck, accessories, farming equipment and any other automobile that the user wants to buy or sell. Interested customers can search for the same, the organisation helps with the process from location to the buying process while taking a minimal fee for the same (Susskind and Susskind 2015). The mission of the organisation according to the systems is to provide helpful services in the industry to reduce the cost of the automotive advertise in the country. The vision of the organisation is to provide a smooth car buying and selling journey to the Australians. It also provides the customers with each and every det ails about the car whether it is a new or a old platform before buying (Busse, Knittel and Zettelmeyer 2013). If an owner wants to sell a particular car, all the owner has to do is to fill the form available in the website and the upload pictures, of the car. When the confirmation is done and payment is confirmed, officials come and checks the condition of the car and approves it. Then the advertisement of the car is given in page of the website. It uses many of the advanced technology for the same (Grant 2016). It uses the information systems for the purpose of the developing the website it needs for the business. The organisation has a very profound data base that helps the organisation to store the most accurate information about the cars and the details of the customers. Also it uses the cloud system which helps the organisation is maintain the proper order. It can be said that using information technology has helped the organisation a lot in developing the nature of the busines s in this competitive world. The organisation a very strict and advanced governance policies which helps the organisation in the process of the business policy. It helps the organisation to maintain a good decorum in the business. The Governance, is program that helps in maintain the roles of the individuals and the management roles which helps in defining the management roles and the polices for taking a better decision for the organisation (Scholes 2015). The agreement paper of the organisation includes many of the parameters that the user must full fill before starting with the carsales.com. Some of policies are These are some of the basic policies that the customer has to follow, apart from these there are several other such policies that the organisation needs to follow. The employees of the organisation also has to follow certain rules that the organisation has to follow (Vignola, McDaniels and Scholz 2013).   Every employee of the organisation has a specific set of the rules that has be followed. There is special team in the organisation which looks into the matters of this factors. All the customer’s needs to follow the set of the rule and the regulation in order to use the platform of the organisation. Corporate officials the employees of the organisation who are the head. These people are responsible for every movement of the organisation. All the decisions are that re made by them affects the entire work process of the organisation. Here are given some of the names of the people who are the brains and the mind of the organisation. Chairman: Richard Collins, the current Chairman and director of the organisation has been working for the organisation since the past 18years (Xue et al. 2013). He is the head of board of the directors and confirms every decision that the organisation needs to take. Managing Director & CEO:   Cameron McIntyre is the managing director and the CEO of the organisation. He is responsible for all the sales and the services of the organisation, without his confirmation none of the moves are approved (Uslaner 2013).   He is been serving the organisation since the year of the 2016. The carsales.coms entire business plan is made by him in the resent years and the use of the modern technology is also an idea of him. Being a degree holder from the Harvard school of business knows each and every aspect of the business and uses his mind for the development of the same. Non-Executive Director:   The work of the non-executive director does not shows a breakup in the regular day to day work, but in the polies and planning of the organisation. The role of the non-executive director is to make the plan and polices for the organisation. Also the work of the Non-Executive Director is to monitor the activities of the ceo and the chairman of the organisation and to include more and more shareholders for the organisation (Touchon et al. 2013). Wal Pisciotta OAM, Kim Anderson, Patrick O'Sullivan, Edwina Gilbert are the Non-Executive Directors of the organization who looks in the smooth going of the business of the organisation., General Counsel and Company Secretary: The work of the general counsel and the company secretory is to look into the legal matters of the organisation. Nicole Birman is women who looks into all these staffs on behalf of the organisation. These are the few people who looks in the top level matters of the organisation and helps the organisations smooth going and helping in the development of the organisation. The policies that the organisation has is well compiled to the governmental reforms of the country. The organisation follows the norms that are given by the government and does not include any practice that is illegal (Shareholder.carsales.com.au. 2018). The selling and the buying of the cars and the other automobiles are in accordance to the government of the organisation. Further the organisation checks all the papers of the cars and the validity of the owner who is selling the item.   When a person is buying an automobile, a check for the person is also done by the organisation. The registration number of the car, owner details are the other such things (Unger, Gemà ¼nden and Aubry 2012). The customer needs to validate all the documents like the paper of the car, the pollution papers and other papers that are related to the systems. This is done for the betterment of the customers and to keep the organisation in the safe side. This is made sure that no illegal deal is done via the platform of the organisation.   Risk mitigation is the technique to reduce the number of the risk in minimum number by the process of proper risk analysis method. An incessant, pre-emptive and methodical process of categorising, assessing and managing risk in line with the accepted risk levels to provide reasonable assurance as to achieving the expected result .The organisation uses on some of the strong computer architectures for the betterment of the systems and the websites (Schwartz 2017). In any organisation risk is one of the major factor that affects the business. In case of this organisation there are also some of the major risk are, if the car is a stolen one and some ones is trying to sell the car using fake papers. Other than this the user who may use fake profile to buy any cars can also be called risk. Some of the other minor risk are that if the one confirms to sell the car and later deny it. This are some of the issues that the organisation faces can be solved by verifying the user and charging t he user beforehand (Welford 2016). Other than this some of the major risk that the organization can face in terms of the information technology are blocking of the websites, hacking of the systems database and other hacks. The organisation uses a strong risk analysis method for getting the prior knowledge of the risk in the systems. There are 5 steps that the organisation follows to analyse any of the risk in the system, first is to identify the major risk that the organisation can face, the second is who will be affected because of the risk, is it the organisation or the clients and the taking appropriate pre causing for removing the risk of the organisation (Lacetera, Pope and Sydnor 2012). The 4 th is to keep a track of the previous risk and to analyse and remove the same (Hemmati 2012). The fifth is to update the risk related issue in the proper interval of time. With the proper assumption of the risk, the organisational woks goes on and the three is smooth flow of the work in the organisation. The customer has a huge role while playing to keep the data’s safe. According to the organisation no customer must share the personal data online and offline to any one other. The use of others account is also one of the major problem, according to company policy no one other than the seller or the buyer can use the account but it does not happens many times it is seen that people use some of others account. This can be one of the major problem for the organisation in maintaining the decorum of the business. Some of the improvements that the organisation needs to do for the betterment of the business are introducing the IT in the business process (Prince 2012). In order to save the websites and the servers form attackers the organisation needs a huge support team which can look after the working of the IT things. Introduction of proper anti-virus and the use of the cloud architectures can help the organisation in the process of saving the data and information of the organisation. Some of the common hacks that can affect the websites are Sql injections, Cross referencing scripting, server side invalidation error, having a strong passwords other such malwares. Further the organisation needs to keep the client data safe, if there is any issue with the client data, the clients may boycott the system of the carsales.com (Huse and Lucinda 2014). The organisation can use the PAAS as a platform for the development and safekeeping of the data. Further the use of the software’s that helps i n the protection of the data can be used. The organisation can also introduce new risk assessment techniques that can help in better analysis of the risk. Further the use of the artificial intelligence can help the organisation regular work and decrease the work pressure of the employees, it can help in the automation of the tasks. Thus, concluding the topic it can be said that the carsales.com is one of the major industry that is working in the Australia for the betterment of the customers. The organisation has a very strong nature of the business that it does. With the increase demands of the cars and the automobile the business of the organisation are increasing with passing days and in the near future may rise to global extent. The organisation can open up global hubs for the selling of the cars globally which can help the organisation to improve. The organisation also needs to reform some of the business patterns and improve some of the business processes for the betterment of the organisation. Also the organisation needs to improve the IS management systems which will help the organisation in having more and more customer. Introducing better it can also help the organisation in defending against malwares and other such attacks. Busse, M.R., Knittel, C.R. and Zettelmeyer, F., 2013. Are consumers myopic? Evidence from new and used car purchases. American Economic Review, 103(1), pp.220-56. Lacetera, N., Pope, D.G. and Sydnor, J.R., 2012. Heuristic thinking and limited attention in the car market. American Economic Review, 102(5), pp.2206-36. Huse, C. and Lucinda, C., 2014. The market impact and the cost of environmental policy: evidence from the Swedish green car rebate. The Economic Journal, 124(578). Prince, R., 2012. Policy transfer, consultants and the geographies of governance. Progress in Human Geography, 36(2), pp.188-203. Hemmati, M., 2012.  Multi-stakeholder processes for governance and sustainability: beyond deadlock and conflict. Routledge. Welford, R., 2016.  Corporate environmental management 1: Systems and strategies. Routledge. Schwartz, M.S., 2017.  Corporate social responsibility. Routledge. Unger, B.N., Gemà ¼nden, H.G. and Aubry, M., 2012. The three roles of a project portfolio management office: Their impact on portfolio management execution and success.  International Journal of Project Management,  30(5), pp.608-620. Shareholder.carsales.com.au. (2018).  carsales.com.au. [online] Available at: https://shareholder.carsales.com.au/Investor-Centre/?page=Board [Accessed 23 Apr. 2018]. Touchon, J.C., Jimà ©nez, R.R., Abinette, S.H., Vonesh, J.R. and Warkentin, K.M., 2013. Behavioral plasticity mitigates risk across environments and predators during anuran metamorphosis.  Oecologia,  173(3), pp.801-811. Uslaner, E.M., 2013. Trust as an Alternative to Risk.  Public Choice,  157(3-4), pp.629-639. Xue, L., Zhang, C., Ling, H. and Zhao, X., 2013. Risk mitigation in supply chain digitization: System modularity and information technology governance.  Journal of Management Information Systems,  30(1), pp.325-352. Vignola, R., McDaniels, T.L. and Scholz, R.W., 2013. 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Middle east and international relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Middle east and international relations - Essay Example On the other hand, Efraim and Karsh comment that the debate regarding Arab nationalism as a model of homogenous states bound by common language, religion and history has â€Å"dominated Middle Eastern political discourse for the most part of this century† (1996). However, they highlight that regardless of the concept of Arab nationalism in academic rhetoric; Arab nationalism has not succeeded in achieving the goal of unifying the â€Å"Arab† nation under a model of pan-Arabism. Moreover, Biersteker and Weber highlight that in terms of Arab nationalism the central issue in Arab states is â€Å"whether Arab nationalism was or was not consistent with state sovereignty and the territorial legacy† (1996, p149). Additionally, Biersteker and Weber refer to the argument that 1967’s turning point led to Arab recognition of state sovereignty, thereby dispelling pan-Arabism and replacing the state versus nation conflict (1996,p.149). In turn, the fragmentation of various ethno-cultural groups within these states has led to a dichotomy between political state identity and national identity. For example, Rinawi refers to the example of Operation Iraqi Freedom as crystallising the distinction between sovereignty and pan Arabism, whereby with â€Å"this event the divide between the pan-Arabic and specific localised Arab agendas became apparent† (2006, p.xxi). This is further evidenced by the growing role and influence of Iran in the area as a result of the destabilisation of Iraq under Operation Iraqi Freedom, which has been of increasing concern to the US and Europe (Potemski, 2007). Accordingly, it is submitted that the central issues relating to the Middle East in context of the contemporary framework of international relations is the complex relationship between nationalism and identity in the Arab states, the terrorism phenomenon and the growing influence of Iran in the area.

Critical Thinking - Applying Evidence To Practice Essay

Critical Thinking - Applying Evidence To Practice - Essay Example 112). Smoking has been regarded as the single largest cause of preventable deaths in UK with passive smoking claimed to be taking away between 1000 and 16000 lives on non-smokers annually. Various nations including UK have enacted legislations prohibiting smoking in public places (Webber, 2011). The goal of such laws is to protect non-smokers from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. However, there is concern about the welfare of the district nurses and other health care providers because these legislations do not cover them. Second-hand smoking is of major concern in this study because people who get exposed to it suffer involuntary unlike in the smokers who smoke at their will (Whitehead & Irvine, 2010). Its causes and effects are widely known and the menace can be prevented or reduced to a greater extent through massive campaign and implementation of proper policies to create awareness among the public. Therefore, employers should come up with policies to protect the nurse worke rs against exposure to second-hand smoking when they visit the patients in their homes. Tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemical particles of which about 250 are toxic to a human being, and about 69 have carcinogenic effects. It has been termed as the leading single cause of death of human beings around the globe (Pearson, Field & Jordan, 2006, p 153). Exposure to smoking claims about 5 million people annually across the globe. Between 1964 and 2014, there were more than 20 million death cases related to smoking in US out of which 2.5 million occurred to non-smokers and were associated with exposure to secondary smoking. Each year smoking kills about 120,000 people in UK of which more than 11,000 die from second hand smoking (Law & MacDermid, 2013). People get exposed to second-hand smoking in various places such as the workplace, at home and

Business report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business report - Research Paper Example Measures of efficiency are considered as instruments that steer positive business achievements in every business form, regardless of its size. Researchers, academicians, as well as scholars have recently developed interest and are enthusiastic to find out how business ethics and social responsibility steers efficiency in business. In addition, the impacts of the efficiency attained through corporate social responsibility and business ethics on business operations is an area of concern for business stakeholders. The anticipated impacts for such strategies are mostly on the reaction of investors, the employees of a company, the sustained and targeted consumers, as well as the reputation of a business entity. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary 2 The recent decades have seen businesses seek to enhance operational efficiency via the application of proper business ethics as well as corporate social responsibility enhancement. However, the achievement of these requires implementation of ex cellent business improvement strategies that will lead to a positive operational change. ... In addition, the impacts of the efficiency attained through corporate social responsibility and business ethics on business operations is an area of concern for business stakeholders. The anticipated impacts for such strategies are mostly on the reaction of investors, the employees of a company, the sustained and targeted consumers, as well as the reputation of a business entity. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 The impact of business ethics and social responsibility on efficiency in the workplace 4 1.0 Introduction 4 Efficiency is a fundamental component in every form of business operation, regardless of its size or scope of operation. The acquirement of efficiency business measures is attributed to implementation of social responsibility and business ethics strategies that act as a rationale for change. Business ethics entail the constitution that is usually followed by a company’s management to monitor business operations. The company’s code of conduct in relation to countriesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ laws, the set company goals and mission as well as self-monitory skills are the major components of business ethics. Corporate social responsibility is concerned with the scope to which an organization is concerned with the entire society’s wellbeing. Efficiency is one of business success measurement scales, which indicates the extent to which business ethics, social responsibility, the utilization of resource-based view, as well as the effectiveness in the utilization of corporate governance. Therefore, the rationale of increased operational efficiency is improved performance, sustainability, and productivity. This improvement rationale touches the various coordination success factors, which include the image of the company,

Is Suffering Good for Christians Research Paper

Is Suffering Good for Christians - Research Paper Example As a result, human beings are bound to suffer for the sins of their fathers. However, Jesus came to the rescue of human beings and throughout his mission alleviated the human beings from physical and spiritual suffering. Jesus suffered on behalf of the world and his close follower such as Peter followed the same path. Christian suffering today symbolizes their willingness to follow Christ and to draw closer to their creator. As such, the idea that prevails is that suffering is good for Christians as it is the bridge between them and God. Many religious scholars have come to link the concept of Christian suffering with the sin of man in the garden of Aden. In the Garden of Aden God, Adam and Eve live a life free of suffering prior to their sin against God. At the creation of the world, there was not any form of suffering such as diseases, accidents, death, poverty, or any other form of suffering. However, the sin of the first parents of man paved way for the entry of sin in the life of Man. On creating Adam, God ordered him to eat from all the trees and to benefit from every creation apart from the tree at the middle of the garden. The Serpent incited the couple to eat this fruit and the feel into the temptation only to realize that they had offended their creator. Disobedience of God’s command was the reason why they succumbed to suffering (Herion, Astrid, Freedman 23). Their life changes from a perfect life to one punctuated with lots of suffering for both man and woman. Most Christians have come to associat e their own suffering with that of their first parents Adam and Eve that was the result of disobedience. When Adam and Eve disobeyed God, He proclaimed punishment for their sins and this marked the beginning of suffering. For Adam, he condemned him to suffer by toiling for his daily living, working on barren land, diseases and all forms of suffering. For the woman, the lord proclaimed labour pain while bearing children. In addition, all human

Fire in vestegation proposel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fire in vestegation proposel - Essay Example The objectives of the study are: 1) review techniques and approaches used in the investigation of fires in facilities; 2) develop an approach for the investigation of fire in facilities; and 3) recommend good practices for the investigation of fire in facilities. According to Burgoyne (1982), fire investigations are conducted in various circumstances for various purposes. However, the sole objective is to determine the cause of fire. Fire investigation is best conducted like a scientific research project, where a hypothesis is formed and refined in steps. The process involves the collection of evidence. These results in conclusion that is in closest conformity with the evidence ascertained, and expressed in a report that is well constructed. Often, practical considerations may lead to curtailing of the process. However, the different sources and kinds of evidence require balanced attention. According to Kobes et al. (2010), a critical aspect of safety in a building is the possibility of safe escape in the event of a fire. Fire safety facilities must enable independent and adequate fire response performances by the occupants of the building. Practically, legal measures do not always provide support for people in burning buildings. This has necessitated the understanding of how individuals behave in the event of fire, and fire evacuation becomes essential. This enables bringing fire safety measures in line with occupants needs in the event of fire. Critical factors that determine occupants’ fire response performances include characteristics of fire; human beings; and buildings. Psychonomics has a significant influence on occupants’ fire response performances. The traditional approach to fire safety must be supplemented by scientific knowledge from the field. Critical factors that determine fire response performance include fire response performance; danger factor of fire; the human factor; and the

Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Role Model Essay

Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Role Model - Essay Example n-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white except by piety and good action.† The Prophet of Allah was able to establish laws that protected animals, trees and environment. On the other hand, he encouraged trade and ethical investments and secured the workers’ rights. This is why we take Muhammad as our religious role model. With regard to politics, Prophet Muhammad is regarded as a role model because of various reasons. One of the reasons is that he married numerous wives on the basis of humanitarian reasons. Prophet Muhammad is well known for the Jihad which translates to struggle in the way of Allah. The Prophet of Allah believes that we as Muslims should struggle in the ways of Allah both within ourselves and externally. The prophet of God is against anyone who stands against Islam and therefore those opposing the struggle for Allah and oppressing Islam should be persecuted. As Muslims we regard this as holy war. This is also another reason why we take Muhammad as our political role model. He convinced people to leave alcohol, prostitution, crime, drugs and He promoted healthy living (Patricia Crone Pg

The roles of bias, Context, and the researcher in Qualitative Research Assignment

The roles of bias, Context, and the researcher in Qualitative Research - Assignment Example Ensuring the integrity of the research data is one of the primary priorities of every researcher. Consequently as a researcher carries out a qualitative research undertaking, it is important to understand the potential impacts of external factors such as environment, context, personal bias as well as the role of the researcher on the integrity of the research data. For example, in a qualitative research, bias often the reliability, validity of the findings by distorting the truth or skewing the collected qualitative data. On the other hand, the researcher is also considered an important instrument in a qualitative research and some of the roles of a researcher include gathering data as well as interacting and collaborating with the participants in the research (Brown, 1996). This paper describes the results of my personal observation of a photograph in correlation to the roles of context, bias and the research during a qualitative research study. Description of the results The results of my observation suggested that the photo requires a qualitative analysis to capture all the required qualitative data and any non-numerical information that a company can use in performance analysis. The use of qualitative data to support businesses in decision-making provides a business with the detailed picture of the performance of individuals. The use of qualitative research by Health Plus creates openness in the organization (Creswell, 1994).

The End of the Race Essay Example for Free

The End of the Race Essay Thinking about the outcome of mixing races, are Asians and Europeans distinguishable in the distant future? As intermarriage goes intense, there would be many minorities in race. In contrast, majorities’ attitudes toward minorities generate discrimination simultaneously; minorities are more likely to be exposed to prejudice. However, Steve Olson says that each mixed individuals are the key to weaken the barricade between races. Matthijis Kalmijin also supports the point that intermarriage decreases the conflicts between cultural groups and it weaken prejudice and stereotypes against other races. In the past decades, researchers have described patterns of marriage, and examined individual variations in intermarriage. In terms of making selection on partners, it seems race has had much influence on it. In the report written by Matthijis Kalmijin, he says â€Å"People have a tendency to marry within their social group or to marry a person who is close to them in status. Although many characteristics play a role in the choice of a spouse, sociologists have most often examined endogamy and homogamy with respect to race/ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic status. † According to the research, in a sense that people have tendency to marry a person from the same race or close status, endogamy will still be practiced even if intermarriage go intense. Therefore, Asians and Europeans would be physically distinguishable in the future. Native Hawaiians are one of the good examples of â€Å"minorities† in race. How did they become minorities? On November 26, 1778, an European ship captained by James Cook first arrived at the Hawaiian island of Maui. Never seen Europeans before, yet Polynesians accepted them without hesitation; women from lower classes were willing to exchange their bodies in order to move up in social status. In 1852, 84 years later of his arrival, three hundred Chinese men arrived to work on plantations, and in the next century nearly half a million more workers followed, including China, Japan, Korea, Puerto Rico, Spain, Austria, Germany, Norway, and Russia. This is how so called hapa Haoles came out. What does this history bring in today’s Hawaiian society? According to Olson, Native Hawaiians have the lowest incomes and highest unemployment rates of any ethic group. They have the most health problems and the shortest life expectancy. They are the least likely to go to college and the most likely to be incarcerated. This is caused by a vicious circle; discrepancy in education and employment between native Hawaiians and majorities. Well-off haoles, Chinese, and Japanese send their children to private school, while the public schools are underfunded. Besides, the rapid growth of the tourism industry in Hawaii accelerates the already-worse situation today. Tourism produces mostly low-paying jobs in sale, and construction. Because the education and jobs that you can possibly acquire is closely connected, there has few opportunities for native Hawaiians to move up in career and improve their quality of lives. However, Olson says â€Å"Minority races are likely to be exposed to prejudice, but barriers between groups become more permeable when a substantial number of mixed individuals demonstrate choices are possible. † In other words, you can make a â€Å"choice† to look down minorities or to respect them. This is also supported by the Matthijis Kalmijin’s report saying that â€Å"intermarriage can thus be regarded as an intimate link between social groups† in a sense that marriage is usually an intimate and long-term relationship. Also, firstly, â€Å"intermarriage decreases the salience of cultural distinctions in future generations because the children of mixed marriages are less likely to identify with themselves with a single group†. Secondly, â€Å"by intermarrying, individuals may lose the negative attitudes they have toward other groups. † In other words, intermarriage may eventually weaken prejudice and stereotypes against other races in the way that it makes the very people and the future generations feel more amiable toward their races. Although it depends on how mixed individuals feel and think about their races, they are definitely the key to eliminate prejudice. As an mixed of Japanese and Chinese, I strongly agree to the Olson’s opinion saying that â€Å"the barrier become permeable† if we mixed individuals make choice. Being put in this situation, I sometimes feel ambivalent about my nationality and cannot put myself in either side because I know both societies’ good and bad aspects. The answer I found was to be an international person without fully belonging to one side. As previously mentioned in Kalmijin’s words, I am exactly â€Å"the children of mixed marriages† without identifying themselves with a single social group and I want to be â€Å"an intimate link between social groups†. I think cultures will survive as long as each race respects and practices their distinctive cultures. Mixed races including me tend to forget to learn deeply about one culture. Because mixed races will increase over time in general, however, I regard we are the one who need to keep these things in mind and make effort to understand multiple cultures which we are exposed.

PESTLE Analysis Of Education System In India

PESTLE Analysis Of Education System In India Introduction In a complex world of constant change, where knowledge becomes obsolete every few years, education can no longer be something that one acquires during youth to serve for an entire lifetime. Rather, education must focus on instilling the ability to continue learning throughout life. Fortunately, the information-technology revolution is creating a new form of electronic, interactive education that should blossom into a lifelong learning system that allows almost anyone to learn almost anything from anywhere at any time. â€Å"Education is of great intrinsic importance with assessing inequalities of opportunity. It is also important determinant of individuals income, health (and that of their children) and capacity to interact and communicate with others. Inequality in education thus contributes to inequality in other important dimensions of well being. Measuring inequality in education is not an easy task†. (World Bank Equity and Development, World Development Report 2006) The above statement makes clear the importance of education in different aspects of development of an individual. We are in the era of knowledge society and knowledge economy. Education has become the most important event of the individual and national development in terms of social and economic aspects. Even before GATS application, it has become an international event. On this background it would be worth reviewing the Indian scenario of education and its benefits reaching to the different sections of the society and the gaps. The key technology in future education is interactive multimediaa powerful combination of earlier a technologies that constitutes an extraordinary advance in the capability of machines to assist the educational process. Interactive multimedia combines computer hardware, software, and peripheral equipment to provide a rich mixture of text, graphics, sound, animation, full-motion video, data, and other information. Although multimedia has been technically feasible for many years, only recently has it become a major focus for commercial development. Interactive multimedia has several key advantages: 1. Students receive training when and where they need it. An instructor does not have to be present, so students can select the time best suited to their personal schedules. 2. Students can adjourn training at any point in the lesson and return to it later. 3. The training is highly effective , because it is based on the most-powerful principles of individualized learning. Students find the program interesting, so they stick with it. Retention of the material learned is excellent. 4. The same videodisc equipment can be used to support a variety of training paths. 5. Both the training and the testing are objectively and efficiently measured and tracked. Classroom training will always be needed for some things, of course, but interactive multimedia training should become the common method for teaching employees how to use an organizations systems, acquire the skills needed to handle a new job, and brush up on the latest management methods. History Historically India had very strong and internationally acclaimed system of education including higher education. In ancient India there was strong ‘Guru-Shishya parampara (Tradition). We also had reputed universities in ancient India like Takshashila in North, Nalanda and Vikramashila in East, Vallabhi in Kathiawad, Kanchi in South and Nadia in Bengal. During the period of invasion, the systems were disruputed and over a long period there was no university system existing in the country or organised education system, for that matter. The newer era of higher education started with the British initiative in the 19th century. Lord Macaulay (1835) through the Macaulay minutes stressed upon the closure of institutions of oriental learning and then a few colleges at different places were established by the British regime. In July 1854, Woods Despatch had proposed establishment of universities in India. Accordingly, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras Universities were established in the year 1857 which are felicitating their 150th year. In 1882 the first Indian Education Commission under the Chairmanship of W Hunter was established. The report dealt with indigenous education, primary education, secondary education and university education. In 1913 the Education Policy was developed by the then British Government, which proposed establishment of new universities within each province. Accordingly, the Central Hindu College was converted to Banaras Hindu University in 1916 and Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College into Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. Universities were also stared at Mysore, Hyderabad and Patna. The Sergeant Report of 1944 was an effort to develop a national system of education in India, which suggested formation of University Grants Commission. During the post independence period, the First Education Commission was constituted in 1948 on university education. The Commission was chaired by Dr S Radhakrishnan and also known as the Radhakrishnan Commission. This Commission â€Å"stressed on autonomous status of universities. The Commission pointed out ‘democracy depends for its very life on high standard of general, vocational and professional education. The dissemination of learning, incessant search for new knowledge, unceasing effort to plumb the meaning of life provision for professional education to satisfy occupational needs of our society are the vital tasks of higher education†. As an outcome of these recommendations, the University Grants Commission was established in 1956. In July 1964 Second Education Commission known as the Kothari Commission was appointed to establish well designed, balanced, integrated and adequate system of national education capable of making the powerful contribution to national life. The Commission â€Å"emphasized on expansion of hig her education, enhancing quality of higher education and research; and use of dynamic techniques for management and organization†. In 1968, the National Policy on Education was adopted based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission, which led to the considerable expansion of education facilities all over the country. In rural habitations, schooling facilities were developed within a radius of one kilometer but these did not get translated into detailed structure of implementation. The National Policy on Education was adopted again in 1986, which was in response to the non-implementation of 1968 educational policy. This policy emphasized on â€Å"elimination of disparities, equal access to every Indian of requisite merit, enhancement in support to research and inter-disciplinary research promotion†. In 1990, the Ramamurthy Committee was appointed to review the National Policy on Education 1986, which laid emphasis on quality of higher and technical education, its relevance to the needs of society and industry. With this background of different Commissions and National Policies, it would be worth glancing through post independence progress in expansion of education and its quality in the country. Also it would be worth identifying the gaps so that remedies could be worked out for further improvement. Growth Of Distance Learning Working adults who pursue their studies part time constitute roughly half of all students taking college courses in the United States. These people usually find distance learning more convenient. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) now enrolls 350,000 students in distance learning courses, up from 55,000 a decade ago. PBS recently announced a partnership with 60 community colleges around the United STates, which will enable students to earn degrees using instruction from 20 PBS stations. Mind Extension University was launched in 1987 to become the first U.S. institution offering college education via cable TV. In 1992 it broadcast courses taught at 21 universities over 600 of the nations 11,000 cable systems, reaching 18 million homes. Plans are to extend its reach to 50 million homes by 1996. Universities are setting up their own distance learning systems. The National Distance Learning Center estimates that 25,000 students are now pursuing degrees in this manner. Pestal Analysis Of Indian Education System Political Schools being privatised (like the NHS) A government initiative creates the risk that the school may fail to deliver the policy or be diverted away from local priorities etc. Changes to the skills required to be a teacher/ tutor Changes to curriculum with short lead times Requirement to be self managing Requirement to be self financing Economic Central or local government funding decisions may affect school/ establishment finances Closure of a local industry may affect fund raising plans etc. Ability of parents to raise funds for optional activities The need to run breakfast/ after schools clubs Ability to invest savings/ surpluses Cost of providing resources: Staff teaching support Basics books/ paper Technology solutions laptops etc Interest rates Shortages of materials on national/ international markets Over provision of school places in the area resulting in competition from neighbouring schools The risk of highly valued, key staff moving on to more ‘up and coming schools/ academies Social Decline in birth rate, reflecting national trends Local population changes (increasing/ decreasing numbers) Demographic changes may affect likely pupil rolls or the nature of pupils needse.g. pupils with English as a second language etc. Closure of local firms providing employment Inability to attract staff Social networking blogs, facebook, twitter Changes to qualifications expected Integration with local community Integration of students with special needs parental preference an increase in ‘parent power has allowed parents more freedom of choice over their childs school the risk of highly valued, key staff moving on to more up-and-coming establishments Information is accessible to staff anywhere in the world via the Internet Staff were not given enough training or access to effectively change their habits and how they expected information to be made available Technological Changes to standards/ equipment required Risk of selecting the wrong technology at times of change (i.e. windows -v- open source) New computer viruses may affect school/ college operations, Disturbing/ illegal images on the internet may affect ICT security measures etc. Move from paper based books to e-book readers Computer hardware being out of date Computer software being out of date Time to manage IT systems Legislative new legislation may create risks of non-compliance with the law, create new administrative burdens etc Changes to child protection legislation Raise the age of school leaving age Raise/ lower the age of starting school. Nursery/ kindergarten Change to school opening hours Changes to funding of charity based organisations Health safety legislation Environmental A new highway layout near the school may create new dangers for pupils etc Waste disposal Reduction of green space available for activities Changes to local bus routes Using a significant amounts of paper and photocopier toner to produce printed information. POLITICAL ANALYSIS :-> The government has experienced a number of criticisms from its parliamentary opponents. It also looks as if relations between the central and state governments will remain strained. In August 2004 the BBC reported that ministers from five BJP-run states walked out of a meeting called by the government to devise a new national education policy.51 But they also stemmed from a widespread recognition that Indias education system fails large numbers of its young people, either because education is not available or because it does not provide students with relevant skills. The Common Minimum Programme represents a welcome attempt to reassert the traditional vision of education in India, concentrating on access, quality and secularism. But while these aims have remained largely unchanged since Nehrus era, it remains to be seen whether the current government can become the first administration to confront and manage the balance between excellence and equity. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS :-> In India from lower to higher class study is free. However there are several private schools and colleges are charged higher price. So education in India is more up to upper class people. Mean while government also try to make education free for everyone. But due to lack of awareness and other factor like society and money. The literacy rate is not increasing as it is to be increased. Mr Kapil Sibbal HR minister of India comes with several new concepts which are likely to be used. Govt. Also provide mid day meals and several others program to attract or increase literacy rate in India. However due to low economic conditions people cannot afford higher education in india. SOCIAL ANALYSIS :-> In India social factor is one of the most important factor as it is a very big country and its society is divided into several cultures which also effect education in India. But now a day everyone knows the importance of education hence they like to study rather than other things. In India about 2600000 people are graduates and about 10,00,000 people are post graduates. But due to lack of proper education system they cannot have proper services which also give wrong message to the society. Hence people are not getting jobs. TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS :-> In India due to huge population proper technology are not used in education system. However In the near future, ordinary PCs will be able to vividly explain and show students the answer to a question in full-motion, talking, colour video graphics instead of simple written text. Personal digital assistants will become book-sized electronic companions for communicating, computing, and performing endless other tasks. Keyboards will be replaced with voice-recognition systems, and language translation will be computerized. Virtual reality will eventually allow one to enter any world imaginable. Screens wont be just the size of a desk, but an entire wall, so images will become life-size. Miniaturization of hardware will continue to reduce the size of information technology such that powerful systems will be cheap and small enough to put in a pocket. Already, one can buy a briefcase that incorporates a computer, printer, fax, copier, and telephone, permitting instantaneous contact from anyw here. Comming Changes In Education 1. Students will attend televised lectures in their residence halls and draw materials form the library using computers in their rooms. 2. Some instruction will be conducted electronically and some will occur in small, informal meetings between faculty and students. 3. Local area networks (LANs) will enable universities to integrate many aspects of college life that have long been segregated in separate buildings. 4. Non-residential students will be able to attend lectures and use libraries form distant locations, such as their homes or places of work. 5. Electronic access to library catalogs will eliminate the need for some reference space but probably will increase the need for computer space. 6. The teachers role will shift form lecturing to advising or coaching students on tough, messy issues, such as choosing materials, topics, career paths, etc. LEGAL FACTOR:-> The National Policy on Education was adopted again in 1986, which was in response to the non-implementation of 1968 educational policy. This policy emphasized on â€Å"elimination of disparities, equal access to every Indian of requisite merit, enhancement in support to research and inter-disciplinary research promotion†. In 1990, the Ramamurthy Committee was appointed to review the National Policy on Education 1986, which laid emphasis on quality of higher and technical education, its relevance to the needs of society and industry. With this background of different Commissions and National Policies, it would be worth glancing through post independence progress in expansion of education and its quality in the country. Also it would be worth identifying the gaps so that remedies could be worked out for further improvement. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS:-> Indias education system turns out millions of graduates each year, many skilled in IT and engineering. This manpower advantage underpins Indias recent economic advances, but masks deep-seated problems within Indias education system. While Indias demographics are generally perceived to give it an edge over other countries economies (India will have a youthful population when other countries have ageing populations), if this advantage is restricted to a small, highly educated elite, the domestic political ramifications could be severe. With 35 per cent of the population under the age of 15, Indias education system faces numerous challenges. Successive governments have pledged to increase spending on education to 6 per cent of GDP, but actual spending has hovered around 4 per cent for the last few years. While, at the top end, Indias business schools, Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and universities produce globally competitive graduates, primary and secondary schools, particularly in rural areas, struggle to find staff. Indian governments have seen education as a crucial development tool. The first part of this paper provides a historical perspective on the development of the education system in India, highlighting the changing emphases within government policy. Since Independence, the education policies of successive Governments have built on the substantial legacies of the Nehruvian period, targeting the core themes of plurality and secularism, with a focus on excellence in higher education, and inclusiveness at all levels. In reaching these goals, the issue of funding has become problematic; governments have promised to increase state spending while realizing the economic potential of bringing in private-sector financial support. The second part of this paper examines how recent governments have responded to these challenges, which have remained largely unchanged since Nehrus era, despite the efforts of past governments and commissions to reform the Indian education system. Attention will be paid to more recent policy initiatives, both those of the previous BJP-led administration and the proposals of the current Congress-led United Progressive Alliance. It will become clear that the same difficulties that existed nearly sixty years ago remain largely unsolved today for example, the need to saf eguard access to education for the poorest and most disenfranchised communities of India. STRENGTHS -sufficient methods, equipments and techniques to train stuff in all parts of education -all educational institutes have official licences/status -specialists on different levels of education forest schools offer tailored courses -vocational schools have contacts with enterprises -John Deere and Ponsse willing to assist in training -quick changes possible to meet the needs of forest sector -know-how on preparing seminars (e.g. with Silver Taiga) WEAKNESSES -lack of financing -no official programmes for forest machine operators -no qualifications or diplomas for forest machine drivers -no qualifications to use machines, no possibilities to increase education for working staff -no skills to use new techniques or materials OPPORTUNITIES -ready to study the state of market -possibility to research the market demands -possibilities due to the join project in terms of studies -growing need to educate specialists THREATS -shortage of specialists in this project -new forestry legislation causing unpredictable future -lack of long term forest policy in Russia SWOT ANALYSIS OD EDUCATION SYSTEM Need to reform education system TNN 25 November 2009, 09:40pm IST Text Size: Topics: Mangalore Vishweshwara Hegde Kageri Sri Swarnavalli Mutt MANGALORE: State primary and secondary education minister Vishweshwara Hegde Kageri said there was an ardent need for reforming the system of education that has continued to be under the colonial influence. Speaking at the inaugural session of the Bhagavad Gita campaign organized under the aegis of Sri Swarnavalli Mutt here on Wednesday, Kageri said such campaigns should strive for building up the public opinion to pressurize the governments to decolonize the system of education by infusing the traditional thoughts. Kageri who was critical about the employment oriented system of education said that the present system had failed to provide the students correct vision of life and tuned them mere job hunters. He requested the organizers to conduct the campaign among the students so that they could emerge as enlightened citizens. The mentality of the people these days was akin to the mentality of Arjuna as portrayed in Bhagavad Gita. People can come out of the condition of imbroglio by going through the teachings of Lord Krishna. It will help reform the personal lives of Indians, he said Suggessions There are national agencies, which are looking after drop out and quality issues. But I strongly feel that this is the stage in which higher education system should take interest in their feeder area or supply chain to improve quality and drop out as a priority need of the community and duty of higher education system and lastly for their own growth i.e., higher education system. It is always debated, as to whose responsibility it is to maintain the quality of education whether policy makers, administration, universities, teachers, society or students. I consider this is a joint responsibility of all stakeholders, which needs coordinated efforts and definite commitment to improve the system. I feel the university system should take lead as they have got pool of intellectuals with infrastructure to do research and training. The university departments like education, sociology, and economics could take projects in their drainage area, directly or through affiliated colleges in which they can, evaluate the enrolment rates, drop out rates, quality of education and underlying reasons; evaluate the teachers and infrastructure available and workout remedial measures. These remedial measures could be implemented in some of the schools on experimental basis and within a few years the outcome may be studied. Th e successful module may be sent to government for implementation or convince local community to take over the responsibility. This will be a great national service by the universities. The issue of non-availability of the Teachers at the primary school headquarters and their frequent long absence needs to be addressed. One suggestion in this regard is that select the best talent with proper qualification, preferably married ladies residing in the same village and train for the job. Keep the job non-transferable, keep refresher courses at regular interval; constitute a village education committee for the school, involve them in management, establish liaison with district/state education authorities and genuine NGOs. This experiment will help to bring stability to teachers and quality in school education. We desire to be a developed country, we have to make special efforts to promote education for disadvantaged sections of the society for a balanced growth, otherwise large section of the society will be left out of social and economic growth, which will have negative impact on democratic and economic growth. We talk of our proud heritage of â€Å"Vasudaiva Kutumbaka m† i.e., Global Family, why we are not able to take care of our own national family? 1. Drop out rates are shown combined States 2. Drop out rate of Scheduled Caste State wise 3. Drop out rate of Scheduled Tribe State wise Conclusion The educational changes introduced by the BJP did not play a major role in the May 2004 general election. While access to education was an issue in some rural areas, roads, power, water and jobs were more important. The NDA manifesto on education had changed in emphasis, moving towards a more ‘communal and nationalistic stand. Three points stand out: The focus on Indian culture, heritage, and ethical values in syllabuses will be strengthened. The downgrading of Bharatiya languages in school and college education will be checked. Teaching in the mother tongue will be encouraged. Efforts will be intensified for the propagation of Sanskrit. While the Congress-dominated United Progressive Alliance government remains in power, these policies will not be implemented. But education will remain a key issue in Indian politics. The government will have to deal with the inherent problems in the education system and, for its own long-term political survival, it will need to reverse the changes introduced by the NDA. As mentioned above, in its Common Minimum Programme, announced on 28 May 2004, the government pledged to raise public spending on education to at least 6 per cent of GDP, impose a cess on all central taxes to ‘universalize access to quality basic education and reverse the creeping communalization of school syllabuses of the past five years. Both the budget and the Independence Day address stressed the importance of education as a key to tackling poverty, one of the main causes of which is illiteracy. The president, Abdul Kalam, has called for expenditure on education to be raised by 2-3 per cent of GDP. The government has already experienced a number of criticisms from its parliamentary opponents. It also looks as if relations between the central and state governments will remain strained. In August 2004 the BBC reported that ministers from five BJP-run states walked out of a meeting called by the government to devise a new national education policy.51 But they also stemmed from a widespread recognition that Indias education system fails large numbers of its young people, either because education is not available or because it does not provide students with relevant skills. The Common Minimum Programme represents a welcome attempt to reassert the traditional vision of education in India, concentrating on access, quality and secularism. But while these aims have remained largely unchanged since Nehrus era, it remains to be seen whether the current government can become the first administration to confront and manage the balance between excellence and equity. Biblography 1. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=18206sid=6Fmt=3clientId=129893RQT=309VName=PQD 2. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-5269065,prtpage-1.cms 3. http://dimdima.com/forumnw/message.asp?Tid=64q_title=Todays+Education+System 4. http://www.highereducationinindia.com/

Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels

Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels The pollution of large combustion plants comes from fossil fuel such as: coal, oil (petroleum) and natural gas Fossil fuel: have been formed from the remains of organisms which lived hundred of millions of years a go. There are three main types of fossil fuel: Coil, oil (petroleum) and natural gas. Coil was formed from the remains of tree and plants which grew in swamps. Oil it is formed from the sea, the sea contains many tiny animals and plants called plankton, they get their energy to live and multiply from sunlight. When they die they sink to the bottom of the sea. Those that died millions of years ago, form oil and gas which are the main sources of fuel. Natural gas is mainly made up of methane, which is given off by anaerobic bacteria breaking down some of the organic matter which formed oil and coal. Fossil fuels are burned to producing energy, Pollution is defined as the contamination of air, water or soil by materials that interfere with human health, the quality of life, or the natural functioning of ecosystems. Air pollution is the pollution of the atmosphere by emissions from industrial plants, incinerators, internal combustion engines and other sources. Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are substances directly produced by a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust. Secondary pollutants are not emitted. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ozone-one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. (Pepper, I.L C.P Gerba M. L Brusseau. 1996) Source Large combustion Plants refers to the coal power station, Oil refinery, natural gas processing plant and others Coal power plant Coal is composed of carbon, sulphur, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. In a coal power station pollutants are formed by the burning of the fossil fuel coal. Burning coal at high temperature will produce oxides of nitrogen. Inside the coal are compounds of sulphur and nitrogen. These originate from the dead organisms that make up the coal. When the coal is burnt the Sulphur and Nitrogen is oxidised producing SOX and NOX, which are released into the atmosphere as primary pollutants. The NOX produced from combusting the Nitrogen in the coal is called fuel NOX. There is also NOX produced by the combustion of Oxygen and Nitrogen in the air. This is known as thermal NOX.  (Peirce, J.F R.F.Weiner P.A. Vesilind.1998) When a fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen to form oxides.   If the fuel burns completely, then all the carbon in it is turned into carbon dioxide which is slightly acidic.   If there is not much air available, the carbon may be turned into carbon monoxide, which is a very poisonous gas. The main primary pollutants created by a coal fired power station are NOx, SOx and VOCs. Sulphur oxides are created from the burning of the coal. Coal naturally contains sulphur, the amount of which varies depending on which organisms created the coal. When the coal is burnt, so also is the sulphur. When a fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen to form oxides.  If the fuel burns completely, then all the carbon in it is turned into carbon dioxide which is slightly acidic.   If there is not much air available, the carbon may be turned into carbon monoxide, which is a very poisonous gas. The carbon dioxide released by the coal power plant causes climate change and global warming, coal fire power plants are the main contributor to co2 in the air. Proteins in living organisms contain nitrogen. When coal burns, Nox is formed in the following ways: When nitrogen bound in the coal is released and combines with oxygen to form fuel Nox.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  When high combustion temperatures break apart stable nitrogen molecules in the air which then recombine with oxygen to form thermal NOx.    Primary pollutants formed in a coal fired power plants are: Nox formed at high temperature and pressure of the combustion causes the atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen to react. VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) produced when unburnt hydrocarbons are released through the chimney of the furnace. Carbon monoxide is a gas formed as a by-product during the incomplete combustion of all fossil fuels. Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause headaches and place additional stress on people with heart disease.   Sulphur dioxide mostly comes from the burning of coal or oil in power plants. Sulphur dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain and particles.  And is also a major contributor to photochemical smog. Nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides are important constituents of acid rain. These gases combine with water vapour in clouds to form sulphuric and nitric acids, which become part of rain and snow. As the acids accumulate, lakes and rivers become too acidic for plant and animal life. (Peirce, J.F R.F.Weiner P.A. Vesilind.1998)             Impact Coal Fired Power Stations Coal-fired power stations are major sources of pollution. The extensive use of coal is because there is a lot of it around. Although it produces pollutants coal is an important fuel for some considerable time to come.   A coal-fired power station has three main inputs: coal, cooling water pure water to use in steam turbines. The main outputs are electricity, waste heat, CO2, SOx, NOx and ash. Fossil fuels are also linked to the decrease of air quality. Clean air is essential to life and good health. Several important pollutants are produced by fossil fuel combustion: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, and hydrocarbons. In addition, total suspended particulates contribute to air pollution, and nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons can combine in the atmosphere to form tropospheric ozone, the major constituent of smog. Coal-fired power stations are responsible for the diffusion of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere must be carefully balanced to maintain the greenhouse effect, which is what keeps the surface of the earth warm enough to support life. Like all things in nature a change in one part of the environment can result in changes in another.    The effect of increased greenhouse gases in the environment is that the temperature of the atmosphere is expected to increase. It is predicted by some scientists that this temperature increase could result in the following: The destruction of ecosystems such as the Great Barrier Reef. A change in the worlds weather patterns, resulting in an increase in both intensity and frequency of storms, cyclones, floods and droughts. The melting of glaciers and polar ice. Rising sea levels resulting in the permanent flooding of vast areas. Economies may be affected by the destruction of crops and industry.   The effect of releasing gaseous acids into the atmosphere, as a result of modern lifestyles, results in Acid Rain and more serious Global Warming. The effects of global warming is of such great concern that many nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.   Mining the coal that is to be used in the generation of electricity results in the destruction of the environment. Water systems can be threatened from the run-off as a result of the washing of coal. The pollution that is caused by the means of acid rain can have a variety of effects on the environment that are mostly negative such as; acid rain being a form of chemical weathering on buildings that are constructed from limestone or marble.   Acid rain can also contaminate water supplies by dissolving the lead and copper pipes which transport the water to houses and other buildings. Another effect of acid rain is the pollution that is caused on lakes and reservoirs killing most of the wildlife, this includes trees plants and animal habitats    Acid rain also affects rivers and lakes, as the acidity levels go up, the pH level falls. With the pH of water below 4.5 most fish will die, this will have a detrimental effect on wildlife as if the fish die the birds that feed on the fish will also die. SOx emissions All living organisms contain compounds of sulphur which are the origin of the sulphur found in coal. When coal burns, the sulphur compounds are converted to oxides of sulphur. Sulphur Dioxide exposure can affect people who suffer from asthma or emphysema by making it more difficult to breathe. It can also irritate peoples eyes, noses, and throats. Sulphur dioxide can harm trees and crops, damage buildings, and make it harder for people to see long distance. NOx Emissions The flue gases in the power station contain oxides of nitrogen (NOx). This is because fuels contain compounds of nitrogen formed from the proteins contained in organisms. When the fuel is burnt, these nitrogen compounds are oxidised to form fuel NOx .At the high temperature of combustion, atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen combine to form thermal   NOx High levels of nitrogen dioxide exposure can give people cough and can make them fell short of breath. People who are exposed to nitrogen dioxide for long time have a higher chance of getting respiration infection. Acid rain can hurt plants and animals, and can make lakes dangerous to swim or fish in Nitrogen dioxide also reacts with the oxygen or hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to form an irritating photochemical. Carbon monoxide carbon monoxide makes it hard for body parts to get the oxygen they need to run correctly. Exposure to carbon monoxide makes people fell dizzy and tired and gives them headaches. Ozone near the ground can cause a number of health problems. Ozone can lead to more frequent asthma attacks in people who have asthma and can cause sore throats, cough breathing difficult. It may even lead to premature death. Ozone can also hurt plants and crops. When the ozone in the stratosphere is destroyed, people are exposed to more radiation from the sun (ultraviolet radiation). This can lead to skin cancer and eye problems. Higher ultraviolet radiation can also harm plants and animals    Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): causes eye irritation, respiratory irritation, some are carcinogenic, and decreased visibility due to blue-brown haze Advantages Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply. Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy. Gas-fired power stations are very efficient. A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhere, so long as you can get large quantities of fuel to it. Didcot power station, in Oxfordshire, has its own rail link to supply the coal. Disadvantages Coal is not a renewable resource. Coal-fire power stations create pollution. Mining coal damages the environment. During the production of electricity carbon dioxide is released, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main drawback of fossil fuel is pollution. Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect warming the Earth. Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning oil or gas. It also produces sulphur dioxide, a gas that contributes to acid rain. this can be reduced before releasing the waste gases into atmosphere. Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. Strip mining destroy large areas of the landscape. Coal-power stations need huge amounts of fuel, which means train-loads of coal almost constantly. In order to cope with changing demands for power, the station needs reserves. This means covering a large area of countryside next to the power station with piles of coal Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide are also produced in these emissions and can produce acid rain. (Peirce, J.F R.F.Weiner P.A. Vesilind.1998) Monitoring Pollution Pollution is measured to ensure that the air quality are not exceeded Monitoring air pollution When monitoring air pollution it is important to know or decide what pollutants are to be monitored, where they should be monitored, what instruments are to be used for that purpose and what kind of weather base needs to be collected, and it is also important to figure out how many stations are necessary to meet this goal. Carbon monoxide is typically measured by using an infrared gas analyzer. With this instrument the absorption of infrared radiation by carbon monoxide in the sample air stream is compared with absorption in a reference gas of known carbon monoxide concentration. This method allows continuous non-destructive measurement of carbon monoxide in the sampled air Sulphur dioxide is generally measured by ultraviolet emission spectrometers. This approach is based on the principle that sulphur dioxide emits a measurable flux of radiation when irradiated with intense UV from a light source in the spectrometer. Nitrogen oxides are measured by chemiluminescence. Tow sequential chemical reactions involving ozone are used. First, NO is measured, then NO2. Infrared radiation is emitted during oxidation of NO to NO2 by ozone introduced into the instrument. The amount of radiation produced is proportional to the NO concentration in the air stream. To measure NO2, a catalyst is used to reduce all NO2 in the air stream to NO, whose subsequence reaction with ozone permits the indirect determination of NO2 Ozone concentration are generally measured by using a UV absorption spectrophotometer, although chemiluminescent-type instruments are also used. Various no-methane hydrocarbons are measured using such instruments as a gas chromatograph. Hydrocarbons are generally more difficult to measure than most other pollutants, and often require greater operator involvement in the measurement process (Pepper, I.L C.P Gerba M. L Brusseau. 1996) Monitoring of air quality has been undertaken by scientists for several years. The air taken into the sampler is drawn first through a white filter paper, on which any smoke present leaves a deposit as a stain a; greater or lesser blackness. It then passes through a reagent solution which traps any sulphur dioxide present and converts it to sulphuric acid. After a weeks sampling the seven sets of smoke stain and reagent bottle are brought to the laboratory for analysis. The smoke is determined by measuring instrumentally the loss of reflectance of the once-white filter papers, the reflectance values being convened into equivalent smoke concentrations from a standard calibration graph. The sulphur dioxide is measured by careful titration of the very weak acid solutions, followed by calculation of the results. They also monitor air quality throughout the district, using diffusion tubes and the air quality monitoring station. Contaminated land is a key project for the service, with the production of a contaminated land strategy. Monitoring gaseous emissions from soil and land fill Soils play an important role in controlling back ground concentrations of most air pollutants. Soil can either emit or take up from the atmosphere many trace gases, including NOx, N2O, CO2, and CH4. In general there are three different approaches to measure gas fluxes between soil, and the atmosphere and these are: Chamber approaches, micrometeorological approaches, and soil profile approaches. Monitoring of tropospheric pollutants    When monitoring tropospheric pollutants, an important step is to know which pollutants are present in the troposphere and how their concentrations vary. Chemists monitor the concentrations of tropospheric pollutants, to study patterns and learn about the rate at which certain reactions will take place in certain conditions    Studying individual reactions in the laboratory   To make predictions about pollution, chemists need to know what reactions take place and how quickly they occur. Many of these reactions involve broken down fragments of molecules called radicals. Reactions with radicals happen very quickly but other reactions happen very slowly. Chemists measure the length of time of these reactions to predict the rate at which a reaction will proceed for any set of conditions.    Modelling Studies      The information on rates of reactions is used in computer simulation studies to reproduce and predict the behaviour of pollutants during a smog episode. The more accurate the information used, the more closely the model simulates the observed behaviour.    Smog Chamber Solutions   These are laboratory experiments on a large scale. Primary pollutants are mixed in a huge clear plastic bag called a smog chamber and exposed to sunlight under carefully controlled conditions. Probes monitor the concentrations of various species as the photochemical smog builds up. The chamber has to be big to minimise any surface effects where the reactions take place on the walls of the container instead of the gas phase. Chemists monitor pollutants to find out exactly what pollutants are involved in smog formation, and how they vary in concentration. These changes in concentration can show changes in the atmosphere, for example the presence of sunlight.    Chemists study reactions to see which pollutants react with which. Most importantly, to see which radicals are formed where, because they are very reactive, and cause a lot of atmospheric reactions. The speed of these reactions needs to be measured to understand how fast substances are being made and destroyed.    Chemists can makes models of situations, to predict what will happen in the future. One such model is smog chamber simulations. These are huge plastic bags which are exposed to sunlight under controlled conditions. Analytical probes monitor the concentrations of different gases as the photochemical smog forms. Control One of the Methods for controlling air pollution include removing the hazardous material before it is used, removing the pollutant after it is formed, or altering the process so that the pollutant is not formed or occurs only at very low levels. Industrially emitted particulates may be trapped in cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, and filters. Pollutant gases can be collected in liquids or on solids, or incinerated into harmless substances.   The best way to control pollution is to control level of carbon emissions released into the atmosphere Using coal with low sulphur content    Power plants can use coal with low sulphur content.   As a result, less sulphur dioxide will be produced and the amount of sulphur dioxide in the flue gas will be significantly reduced.    Install scrubbers in power plants   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Power plants can install scrubbers to reduce the amount of sulphur dioxide in the flue gas.   The principle of how scrubbers can remove sulphur dioxide are given below:       Dry Scrubber   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Calcium oxide reacts with sulphur dioxide in the flue gas, forming insoluble calcium sulphite which is then filtered out in the flue gas.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   CaO(s) + SO2(g)   CaSO3(s)       Wet Scrubber   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Calcium oxide is first allowed to react with water, forming calcium hydroxide.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   CaO(s) + H2O(1)   Ca(OH)2(aq)   Calcium hydroxide then reacts with sulphur dioxide in the flue gas, forming water and calcium sulphite.   Calcium sulphite is then filtered out.      Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ca(OH)2(aq) + SO2(g)   CaSO3(s) + H2O(1) (  Barret.R and F. Feates. 1994) Install electrostatic precipitator in power plants: Power plants can install electrostatic precipitator to reduce the amount of particulates in the flue gas.   Flue gas passes through the electrostatic precipitator.   The particulates in the flue gas are attracted by the electric field and then removed from the electrode.    Control the temperature in the combustion chamber: The amount of nitrogen oxides released can be reduced by reducing flame temperature and availability of oxygen in the combustion zone.   But the flame temperature cannot be too low, which would cause incomplete combustion and produce carbon monoxide.    The limestone process The other main way of reducing SOx emissions is to react them with calcium carbonate to produce gypsum for the building trade. This is a hassle as it has to compete with other brands, and be marketed. NOx emissions Coal fired power stations used to get the flames as hot as possible to increase the yield, but as the rate of reaction increases as temperature increases, the amount of thermal NOx (produced from the nitrogen and oxygen combining), increases to get the flames hottest the coal was powdered and mixed with an excess of air. Low NOx burners There is this type of burner, where the injection of air is controlled, so the flames are not as hot. This significantly lowers the production of NOx. Gas reburns The injection of ethane and methane (natural gas) reacts with NOx to produce nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. CH4 (g) + 4NO2 (g) à   2N2 (g) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O(g) Some of the alkanes will not react, and carbon monoxide is produced as a result of incomplete combustion. CH4 à   CO + H2O The alkanes and CO are then reacted with air to combust them completely. This oxidation is exothermic and so produces heat that contributes to the generation of electricity. (Barret.R and F. Feates. 1994) Conclusion Fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas, provide the energy that powers our lifestyles and our economy. One of the main uses of fossil fuels is: to generate electricity, fuel cars, and to heat or cool buildings Fossil fuel is one of humanitys most important sources of energy. Fossil fuel plays a major role in our economy and many of our current technology have been developed with fossil fuel in mind. However burning fossil fuel is damaging the Earths environment with the release of pollution to the atmosphere. In addition ecosystems are becoming damaged by the extraction of fossil fuel. Fossil fuels impact the environment greatly; carbon dioxide emissions contribute to harmful global warming and climate change. Inefficient burning of fossil fuels results in the production of carbon monoxide, which is a very harmful and poisonous gas.   Inhalation of this gas is likely to cause death as it interferes with the transport of oxygen in the blood stream Combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas produces gases such as nitrogen oxides, which cause acid rain.